The invention discloses a railway freight train operation safety assessment method and system, and the method comprises the steps: firstly, calculating the mass, t, the centroid position and the rotational inertia parameters of each carriage after loading goods according to the data collected by a data collection device arranged on each carriage; T; then, t, the mass of each carriage is adjusted after the cargos are loaded; i; inputting the centroid position and the rotational inertia parameters into the built dynamic model of the corresponding freight train; T; the method comprises the stepsthat firstly, t, the dynamic response of each carriage is calculated, corresponding safety indexes are calculated according to the dynamic response of each carriage, t, then whether the safety indexesof the carriages meet the safety operation condition or not is judged, and only if the safety indexes of the carriages do not meet the safety condition, it is considered that the safety indexes of the freight train are unqualified. Therefore, whether the safety index of the multi-section marshalling freight train loaded with the goods is qualified or not can be accurately and effectively evaluated, and therefore potential serious accidents such as derailment are avoided.