The invention provides a multifunctional distributed optical fiber sensing device, which comprises a laser, a first optical fiber coupler, a second optical fiber coupler, a third optical fiber coupler, a fourth optical fiber coupler, an acousto-optic modulator, an optical fiber circulator, an optical interface, a first photoelectric detector, a second photoelectric detector, a first bandpass filter, a second bandpass filter, a third bandpass filters, a fourth bandpass filter, a first low noise amplifier, a second low noise amplifier, an optical switch, a frequency synthesizer, a mixer, a low pass filter, a dual-channel data acquisition and processing module and a computer. Direct switching control on sensing optical signals and the dual-channel data acquisition and processing module are adopted to process Rayleigh scattering signals and Brillouin scattering signals, multifunctional monitoring and display on attenuation, vibration, temperature and strain information of a measured optical fiber can be realized, the signal extraction and processing efficiency is high, the practicability is better, and commercial development of the device is facilitated.