The invention discloses a lithium battery fault detection system and relates to the technical field of lithium batteries. The system comprises a test data acquisition module, a test data processing module, a test identification parameter solving module, an actual detection data acquisition module, an actual detection data processing module, an actual detection identification parameter solving module and an identification parameter comparison module. On the one hand, the least square method is adopted to identify the system parameters, the physical significance of the system parameters does not need to be obtained, and the first type of the current lithium battery to be detected can be obtained only by solving and comparing the system parameters with various first types of system parameters; on the other hand, the detection system is simple, the lithium battery detection system is optimized, the lithium battery detection speed is increased, and the fault type can be visually detected; the system can be widely applied to battery fault detection, and can also be applied to battery qualification detection.