The invention provides a fruit ripeness ultrasonic non-destructive detection method and system based on a comparison method. The method comprises the following steps of: conducting training and learning on fruit, dividing grades for fruit ripeness through training and learning results, and establishing fruit ripeness models and optimum measurement frequency of target fruit; really measuring the target fruit, and acquiring two characteristic values of the target fruit, i.e. attenuation ratio and transmission speed; and comparing the target fruit with the fruit models obtained from training and learning to obtain ripeness degree. The system comprises a fruit detection module, an acoustic range measurement module, an information processing module and a control and display module, wherein the control and display module is connected with the information processing module and the acoustic range measurement module, the information processing module is connected with the fruit detection module, and meanwhile, the fruit detection module is connected with the acoustic range measurement module. The method and the system, which are provided by the invention, can realize non-destructive detection, do not require manual judgment and have the advantages of being simple to realize, easy to operate and wide in application range.