The invention provides an axial flow fan vibration signal sub-component extraction method based on inverse short-time fourier transform. The axial flow fan vibration signal sub-component extraction method comprises that short-time fourier transform is performed on an axial flow fan vibration signal through a window function, an original waveform graph, a frequency domain graph and a time frequencygraph of the axial flow fan vibration signal are made, wherein the time-frequency diagram is subjected to short-time fourier transform, and corresponding parameters are obtained; a zero vector Z is constructed to serve as a reconstructed signal, the number zero vector Z is constructed to serve as a reconstructed signal, the number coln of the window function is calculated, an amplitude correctioncoefficient B is calculated and the length (Z)of the zero vector Z is calculated; inverse transformation is carried out on a short-time fourier transform matrix S, the returned reconstructed signal Zis obtained, and a time-domain waveform graph is reconstructed from the time frequency graph; and the time t and the graph of the returned reconstructed signal Z are obtained, and a vibration signalsub-component of an axial flow fan is obtained. The method can effectively extract the sub-component of the vibration signal of the axial flow fan, and can be applied to fault detection of the axial flow fan.