111 results about "Energy transport" patented technology

The invention provides an inertia optimization method for electric heat gas energy transport channel coordination, and relates to the technical field of energy transport channels, and the method comprises the steps: building a fluid flow state and vortex intensity mapping relation model, which is used for predicting the possible vortex conditions under different working conditions; and based on a prediction result, a genetic algorithm is adopted to optimize a sensor arrangement scheme, and the most comprehensive flow state information is obtained by using the least sensors. According to the method, pipeline vibration safety is considered, a vibration monitoring and valve adjustment limiting mechanism is set, in addition, a tradeoff model of energy loss and transportation efficiency is further constructed, an optimal adjustment strategy is solved by applying a multi-objective optimization algorithm, finally, an eddy current suppression effect evaluation model is established, quantitative evaluation and strategy optimization of a control effect are achieved, and the control effect is optimized. Through the comprehensive application of a series of innovative methods, the precise inhibition of the vortex in the fluid transportation process and the remarkable improvement of the transportation efficiency are realized, and meanwhile, the safe operation of a pipeline system is ensured.

According to the method suitable for solving the transition turbulence flow field of the underwater vehicle containing the temperature gradient, CFD solving is carried out by directly calling an underwater boundary layer transition turbulence model considering the temperature gradient, and prediction of the boundary layer transition position and the transition process of the underwater vehicle under the wall surface thermal control condition is achieved. Firstly, an incompressible similarity equation set containing a temperature equation is solved, an underwater boundary layer characteristic parameter database is established, linear stability analysis is carried out under a given flow working condition, and transition momentum thickness Reynolds numbers # imgabs0 # under different flow working conditions are obtained; fitting to obtain a fitting relational expression between a transition momentum thickness Reynolds number # imgabs1 # and a flow working condition as a transition criterion; and implanting the transition criterion into a source item of the transition model to obtain an underwater boundary layer transition prediction model considering the temperature gradient, and finally modifying a generation source item and a damage source item of a turbulent energy transport equation in the Menter SST turbulence mode according to the transition prediction model to obtain an underwater boundary layer transition turbulence model considering the temperature gradient.

Belonging to the technical field of thermal insulation material preparation, the invention relates to a corrosion resistant thermal insulation material for marine thermal insulation, which is prepared by the following steps: carrying out acidolysis treatment on plants, then filtering, and pulping the filtered product to obtain a fiber acidolysis solution and a fiber acidolysis product. And then modifying the fiber acidolysis solution and the fiber acidolysis product by using dopamine hydrochloride and a silane coupling agent respectively. The modified cellulose has a good fusion effect in a polyurethane system due to the fact that the modified cellulose contains an amide group, and can be stably adhered to the surface of a metal pipeline for energy transportation in the ocean. Si-O-Si bonds formed by the modified plant fibers can improve the structural stability of the fibers, so that the weather resistance, tensile strength, impact strength and other mechanical properties are improved. The prepared thermal insulation material has the characteristics of good mechanical property and high stability.

The invention provides a product carbon footprint evaluation method and system, and the method comprises the steps: S1, obtaining the original data, including raw materials, auxiliary materials, energy, transportation data and by-product data, of a target product in the whole life cycle; s2, acquiring corresponding emission factors based on the acquired different types of original data of the target product in the whole life cycle; s3, calculating a carbon footprint accounting result according to different types of original data of the whole life cycle of the target product and the corresponding emission factors; s4, generating a full-life-cycle data standing book containing the basic flow quantity, and calculating the carbon footprint of the product through a preset carbon footprint calculation model in methodology based on the full-life-cycle data standing book; and S5, performing verification based on the relative deviation of the two calculated carbon footprints meeting the preset requirement, and outputting the verified carbon footprint result in a verifiable manner.

The invention belongs to the technical field of hydrogen energy transport vehicles, and particularly relates to a hydrogen energy snowfield transport vehicle which comprises a snowfield vehicle, the snowfield vehicle comprises a hydrogen storage tank and a hydrogen fuel cell which are connected, and the hydrogen fuel cell is connected with wheels through a driving mechanism; a water distribution box is arranged on the snowmobile, a saline water box is arranged at the top end of the water distribution box, storage racks are arranged on the two sides of the snowmobile and located above wheels, a first cavity and a second cavity are formed in the water distribution box and used for storing water generated in the reaction process of the hydrogen fuel cell, and the saline water box is communicated with the second cavity. And a clear water pipe and a saline water pipe are arranged in the storage rack. Through the arrangement of the structure, the power device of the hydrogen energy transport vehicle can be effectively matched with other parts of the vehicle body, the utilization rate of the power device of the hydrogen energy transport vehicle is higher, the characteristic of applying the hydrogen energy technology can be better exerted, and the overall stability and reliability of the vehicle are improved.

The invention describes a wind turbine vessel (1) which autonomously sails at high sea by means of wind turbines (2) and produces, stores and transports energy. The wind turbine vessel (1) is a multi-hull vessel having three or more hulls (3), between which at least one wind turbine (2) is installed. The hulls (3) are installed rotationally symmetrically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the wind turbine vessel (1). This makes it possible for the wind turbine vessel (1) to pivot, that is to say to rotate about its own longitudinal axis, in order to be resilient in the case of sea storms. In the event that it capsizes in strong winds or waves, it retains its complete structural and functional integrity as a result of its rotationally symmetrical design. The wind turbines (2) are used simultaneously in two ways. Firstly, they are used for the production of electrical energy which is stored on board in the hulls (3), for example in batteries or with power-to-hydrogen. Secondly, the wind turbines (2) are used as sails for driving and controlling the wind turbine vessel (1) by means of yawing movements. It can thus sail autonomously at high sea in areas in which the wind conditions are favourable for energy production, that is to say it can use stronger and more uniform winds, and transport the energy stored on board to a location where it can be fed into the energy grid.

A high strength steel plate having excellent ammonia SCC resistance and low-temperature toughness for use in storage tanks used to contain liquefied gas in energy transport ships. The steel plate has a defined chemical composition, and has hardness properties such that, at a 0.5 mm depth position from the surface of the steel plate, average hardness is 230HV0.1 or less and hardness variation is 30HV0.1 or less, a maximum value of hardness in the thickness direction is at a position 1.0 mm or more and ¼ or less of the thickness of the steel plate from the surface of the steel plate, and hardness variation in the thickness direction is 70HV1 or less. Further, the steel plate has a metallic microstructure where, at a 0.5 mm depth position from the surface of the steel plate, a volume fraction of bainitic microstructure is 90% or more.

This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to broadband emitters. In one aspect, a method includes providing a material. A pulse fluence, a wavelength, a repetition rate, and a pulse duration of a laser pulse are specified, and a number of laser pulses are specified. The material is exposed to the specified number of laser pulses at the pulse fluence, the wavelength, the repetition rate, and the pulse duration. The material is translated and the exposing operation is repeated to form an x-y array of exposed areas on the material. Each exposed area is about 25 microns to 35 microns from each other exposed area.

The invention describes a wind turbine vessel (1) which autonomously sails at high sea by means of wind turbines (2) and produces, stores and transports energy. The wind turbine vessel (1) is a multi-hull vessel having three or more hulls (3), between which at least one wind turbine (2) is installed. The hulls (3) are installed rotationally symmetrically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the wind turbine vessel (1). This makes it possible for the wind turbine vessel (1) to pivot, that is to say to rotate about its own longitudinal axis, in order to be resilient in the case of sea storms. In the event that it capsizes in strong winds or waves, it retains its complete structural and functional integrity as a result of its rotationally symmetrical design. The wind turbines (2) are used simultaneously in two ways. Firstly, they are used for the production of electrical energy which is stored on board in the hulls (3), for example in batteries or with power-to-hydrogen. Secondly, the wind turbines (2) are used as sails for driving and controlling the wind turbine vessel (1) by means of yawing movements. It can thus sail autonomously at high sea in areas in which the wind conditions are favourable for energy production, that is to say it can use stronger and more uniform winds, and transport the energy stored on board to a location where it can be fed into the energy grid.

The invention provides a high-temperature liquid lead bismuth alloy energy conversion test system and a test method thereof, belongs to the field of lead-based fast reactor thermotechnical hydraulic safety technology and energy transport performance test, and solves the problem that test research on an energy conversion system of a small modular reactor is still lacked at present. The device comprises a liquid lead-bismuth alloy loop, an argon bottle, a vacuum pump, a water cooling loop and a temperature sensor assembly, a vapor chamber in the liquid lead-bismuth alloy loop exchanges heat with a water cooling plate in the water cooling loop, and the argon bottle and the vacuum pump provide an inert environment for liquid lead-bismuth alloy and control the liquid level of a working medium in the liquid lead-bismuth alloy loop. The heat exchange capacity between the temperature equalizing plate and the water cooling plate under the specific working condition is obtained through the temperature collected by the temperature sensor assembly, the cooling water flow collected by the cooling water flow meter and the lead bismuth flow signal collected by the lead bismuth flow meter, and the energy mass transport characteristic of the liquid lead bismuth alloy loop is obtained. Therefore, the operation rule of the liquid lead-bismuth alloy energy conversion system is mastered.

The utility model relates to the technical field of battery loading and unloading, in particular to a battery loading and unloading device of a new energy transport vehicle, which comprises a transport vehicle main body, a lifting table is arranged at the bottom of an inner cavity of the transport vehicle main body, and a lifting assembly for adjusting the position height of the lifting table is arranged in the lifting table; a placing table used for placing a balancing weight is fixed to the top of the lifting table, a clamping assembly is arranged at the top of the placing table, and the lifting assembly comprises a screw rod, two moving blocks, two partition plates and a double-shaft motor. According to the battery loading and unloading device of the new energy transport vehicle, by arranging the lifting assembly, when the weight of a balancing weight is adjusted, an operator does not need to bend down to carry the balancing weight out of the transport vehicle, the carrying convenience of the operator can be effectively improved, by arranging the clamping assembly, the balancing weight can be clamped and fixed, and the battery loading and unloading device is convenient to use. The balancing weight can be prevented from falling off from the containing table, and the balancing weight can be prevented from shaking in an inner cavity of the transport vehicle in the transport process of the transport vehicle.

The invention is suitable for the technical field of micro-grids, and provides a multi-micro-grid energy sharing method based on a vehicle-mounted mobile energy storage system, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining the real-time power vacancy or power redundancy data of each micro-grid in a multi-micro-grid system; constructing a multi-microgrid system energy sharing optimization model; solving the multi-microgrid system energy sharing optimization model to obtain the optimal transaction power of each microgrid and the vehicle-mounted mobile energy storage system; based on an asymmetric Nash bargaining model, generating a cooperative profit distribution scheme according to the optimal transaction power; sending to an energy transport operator, receiving an executable scheduling scheme fed back by the vehicle-mounted mobile energy storage system, and generating a target energy scheduling instruction according to the executable scheduling scheme; and controlling the vehicle-mounted mobile energy storage system to execute charging and discharging operation and mobile operation based on the target energy scheduling instruction. The utilization rate of mobile energy storage is effectively improved, and the problem that mobile energy storage refuses to execute remote area scheduling due to insufficient economic excitation is avoided.

The invention discloses a micro-grid optimization scheduling method containing interface solar steam power generation and wave energy power generation. The method comprises the following steps: establishing an interface solar steam power generation device discretization model and a wave energy power generation fitting model; with electrical load, hydrogen demand and water demand as the core, electric energy storage and hydrogen storage are considered in a combined manner, and a micro-grid optimization model containing interface solar steam power generation and wave power generation is established; establishing constraint conditions of the micro-grid optimization model; performing simulation calculation in different scenes; and testing the system stability under extreme working conditions. According to the scheduling method, the dual dilemma of energy shortage and fresh water shortage in the island region can be solved, the dependence on traditional energy can be reduced, the energy transportation cost and the environmental risk are reduced, and the energy utilization efficiency and the environmental friendliness are improved.

The application belongs to the technical field of hydrogen energy transport vehicles, in particular to a hydrogen energy snow transport vehicle, which comprises a snow vehicle, the snow vehicle comprises a hydrogen storage tank and a hydrogen fuel cell connected with each other, the hydrogen fuel cell is connected with a wheel through a driving mechanism; a water distribution tank is arranged on the snow vehicle, a salt water tank is arranged at the top of the water distribution tank, storage racks are arranged on both sides of the snow vehicle and above the wheels, a first chamber and a second chamber are arranged in the water distribution tank and used for storing water produced in the reaction process of the hydrogen fuel cell, the salt water tank is communicated with the second chamber, and a fresh water pipe and a salt water pipe are arranged in the storage racks. Through the arrangement of the above structure, the power device of the hydrogen energy transport vehicle can effectively cooperate with other components of the vehicle body, the utilization rate of the power device of the hydrogen energy transport vehicle is higher, the characteristics of the hydrogen energy technology can be better exerted, and the overall stability and reliability of the vehicle are improved.

Provided is a system for transporting carbon dioxide from exhaust gas, said system not requiring a special transport means such as a tank or other container having resistance to low temperature and resistance to high pressure, even in a location where a carbon dioxide (CO2) recovery location is separated from a CO2 storage location or usage location, and having exceptional energy transport efficiency and exceptional handling without any occurrence of crushing, collapse, or the like because a solidified body in which the CO2 is solidified as a mode of transport is provided with constant strength, even when vibration or the like is applied thereto by a transport means such as a ship or a vehicle.　A system for transporting carbon dioxide from exhaust gas according to the present invention comprises the following steps: (a) a step for obtaining a slurry that contains a carbonate of calcium from exhaust gas that contains CO2; (b) a step for solidifying the slurry containing the carbonate; (c) a step for transporting the solidified carbonate of calcium from a first location to a second location; and (d) a step for decomposing the solidified carbonate of calcium, after transport, into an oxide of calcium and CO2.

The invention provides a carbon emission information integrated monitoring system. Carbon emission information obtained from enterprises of a plurality of industrial departments such as energy conversion, transportation, construction and factories is managed according to the industrial departments and is managed in the country in a unified mode, visual monitoring is achieved through a customized display screen aiming at the characteristics of all the industrial departments, meanwhile, effective carbon emission management is achieved, and the carbon emission management efficiency is improved. An information collection unit that collects carbon emission information from enterprises and individuals; the information transmission part is used for transmitting the information collected by the information collection part to a carbon emission management system; an information management unit that receives carbon emission amount information from the carbon emission amount collection unit; a carbon emission prediction unit for predicting the carbon emission in units of enterprises or individuals on the basis of the information collected by the basic information management unit; and providing the carbon emission information predicted by the basic carbon emission prediction part to a comprehensive condition room server and a terminal so as to generate and display carbon emission information of converted energy, transportation, construction and factory departments and national overall carbon emission information.

Provided is an energy recovery method that suppresses the influence on the course of a ship that generates power. The energy recovery method includes: a step in which a floating body constituting a power generation system generates power while automatically navigating, thereby accumulating energy in the floating body; and a step in which the energy transport ship recovers energy from the floating body in the vicinity of the end of the sea area in which the floating body is automatically navigated.

The present invention discloses an urban resource control method and system based on a smart city, including a resource monitoring module, an energy supply management module, an energy distribution module, and a control and transportation module. The resource monitoring module monitors the energy storage percentage and energy consumption rate of energy bases. The energy supply management module conducts data analysis on the monitored data and formulates an energy supply plan. The energy distribution module conducts data analysis based on a secondary energy shortage signal to screen out an energy emergency supply chain and obtains an energy emergency supply plan through data processing. The control and transportation module controls the corresponding energy base or energy terminal to conduct energy supply and transportation. The present invention sets up an energy distribution module, avoiding the problem of energy shortage caused by conflicts between energy supply and energy transportation in the energy bases for energy supply, and supplying energy to the energy bases for energy supply, ensuring the stability of subsequent energy supply in the energy bases.

The invention relates to the technical field of greenhouse gas monitoring, and particularly discloses a greenhouse gas carbon emission estimation method and system based on a Bayesian algorithm, and the method comprises the steps: collecting the transportation data, power generation equipment data and power supply area data of each energy output node; processing the transportation data to obtain an energy transportation efficiency evaluation index of each energy output node, and performing comprehensive analysis to obtain a carbon emission intensity evaluation value of each energy output node; processing the data of the power supply area to obtain a power supply demand evaluation index, and performing primary carbon emission early warning; and processing to obtain a regional predicted carbon emission intensity evaluation value and carrying out secondary carbon emission early warning. According to the greenhouse gas carbon emission estimation method and system based on the Bayesian algorithm provided by the invention, the carbon emission condition of each energy output node can be determined, so that measures can be taken to reduce the carbon emission intensity, the continuous development of the energy technology can be promoted, the energy utilization efficiency and environmental protection performance can be improved, and the market competitiveness can be enhanced.

The invention belongs to the technical field of refrigerating and freezing equipment, and provides a cooling capacity transmission mechanism which comprises a container and a compressor, the container is used for being filled with fluid, and the fluid is liquid which is not frozen within the refrigerating temperature range of a refrigerator; the container is connected with an inlet and outlet pipeline, and the inlet and outlet pipeline is used for forming a closed circulating flow channel which passes through a cooling capacity transmission target and conveys the fluid; the compressor is connected to the container through a cooling pipe and used for refrigerating fluid in the container. The invention further provides a refrigerator with the cooling capacity transmission mechanism. The technical problems that in the prior art, an adopted compression type refrigeration scheme has high requirements for pipelines, heat preservation, high pressure and the like, and meanwhile the risk of refrigerant leakage exists are solved.

The utility model discloses a curve Huang wind force conveying system, including roots blower, one side of roots blower is provided with pipeline, one side of pipeline is provided with shock absorber, concave support frame is set in the top of pipeline, the inside of concave support frame is provided with hopper, the utility model discloses through starting roots blower and makes it run under stable speed, can form stable airflow in conveying system, provides basic condition for material stable conveying, simultaneously, through opening rotation mechanism and adjusting frequency control material from hopper into the speed of pipeline, avoid the problem of pipeline blockage caused by feeding speed too fast, through the material under the action of conveying airflow, with the cooperation of pipeline and conveying pipe into the tank, reduce the resistance and energy loss in the conveying process, in the conveying process, operating personnel can observe the operating parameter of roots blower in real time, such as current, air pressure etc, be convenient for operating personnel to discover potential problem in time.

There is provided a transportation system that can efficiently transport renewable energy from power generation facilities in remote locations to hydrogen energy consumption areas with low environmental impact. The system includes a power generator that generates and stores electricity using renewable energy, a water electrolyzer that generates hydrogen by electrolyzing water using the electricity generated by the power generator, a methane synthesizer that generates methane using the hydrogen generated and recycled CO2 as raw materials through the Sabatier reaction, a methane transportation means that transports the generated methane to the hydrogen energy consumption site without emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, a hydrogen production and carbon capture unit that produces hydrogen by autothermal reforming method using the transported methane and separately prepared oxygen as raw materials, and a CO2 transportation means that transports the recycled CO2 without emitting CO2 into the atmosphere to the site where the methane synthesizer is installed.

The invention provides an energy storage ship energy transportation scheduling method based on deep reinforcement learning, and the scheduling method is based on an island-fish raft-coast energy transportation model containing an AES, and carries out the energy scheduling through transporting an energy storage battery at a coast battery swap station or an island to a fish raft through a full electric power ship AES. Solving by using a deep reinforcement learning method of a parameterized double-depth Q network based on multi-batch forward propagation to obtain an energy transportation strategy required by the energy transportation model; according to the method, an effective approximate optimal solution can be provided in the case of time and resource limitation in practical application, and the method can be suitable for solving a larger-scale energy transportation problem.

Ore pulp turbine power generation equipment belongs to the technical field of novel power generation. The equipment comprises an upper ore pulp tank, an ore pulp turbine, a generator and a lower ore pulp tank, the upper ore pulp tank is higher than the ore pulp turbine, and the ore pulp turbine is higher than the lower ore pulp tank; the upper portion of the upper ore pulp pool inputs ore pulp through a pipeline, the bottom of the upper ore pulp pool is communicated to a pulp inlet pipe of an ore pulp turbine through a main pipeline, the ore pulp turbine is a double-rotating-wheel turbine, and two pulp outlet pipes are symmetrically arranged at outlets in the two sides of a volute and communicated to the upper portion of the lower ore pulp pool through a main pipeline. An outlet valve is arranged at an outlet of the upper ore pulp pool, service valves are respectively arranged in front of a pulp inlet pipe and behind a pulp outlet pipe of the ore pulp turbine, and a safety valve and an emergency shut-off valve are further arranged between the outlet valve and the service valve in front of the pulp inlet pipe. Energy generated when ore pulp is transported downwards is used for generating electricity, equipment of an energy dissipation station is replaced, the energy generated when the ore pulp is transported downwards can be converted into electric energy, meanwhile, the density of the ore pulp is larger than that of water, and the corresponding energy density is also large.

The utility model provides a mechanism special for horizontal rotation of a new energy steel ladle transport trolley. According to the mechanism, 90-degree horizontal rotation of the new energy transportation trolley is achieved through the horizontal rotation chassis, hoisting by a crown block is not needed, and the limitation that a traditional transportation trolley can only move on a linear rail is overcome. The new energy transportation trolley is powered by the new energy storage battery, dependence on an external power source is reduced, loads and motor torque are reduced, and energy conservation and emission reduction are facilitated. Meanwhile, remote operation can be achieved, manual intervention is reduced, production efficiency and safety are improved, and safety accidents such as steel ladle tipping are prevented. According to the technical scheme, the production efficiency and safety of a steel plant are remarkably improved, and powerful support is provided for green development of the steel industry.

Energy islands and energy transport are characterized by the fact that energy generation facilities such as wind generators, solar power plants, water turbines or heat exchangers are installed on a floating structure and this energy is converted into usable thermal energy.

The application provides a multi-heat-source-based beam field maintenance system, method, device and medium in a plateau area, and relates to the field of concrete maintenance construction. The system comprises a maintenance shed, a heat preservation water storage tank, a waste heat recovery assembly, a light heat recovery assembly, a steam generator, a maintenance terminal and a control unit. The method is executed by the control unit. The method comprises: determining target operation parameters based on target maintenance parameters, a first temperature sequence, a humidity sequence, physical parameters and environmental parameters; and sending the target operation parameters to the maintenance terminal for execution. The method can be implemented by a multi-heat-source-based beam field maintenance device in a plateau area. The method can be executed after computer instructions stored in a computer readable storage medium are read. In the application, the multi-heat-source breaks the dependence of traditional beam field maintenance on single fossil energy, and solves the problems of high energy transportation cost and low use efficiency in a plateau area.

The invention relates to a cavitation erosion prediction method considering cavity collapse and an energy transport process thereof, and belongs to the technical field of hydrodynamic research. The cavitation prediction method comprises the following steps: solving a cavitation flow field for a to-be-predicted object; based on the physical characteristic change of cavity collapse, recognizing a collapse area and recording cavity collapse pressure; collapse energy is calculated according to the cavity collapse pressure; analyzing the transportation process of collapse energy radiation to the to-be-predicted position of the wall surface, calculating a transfer parameter and an attenuation parameter, and multiplying the transfer parameter and the attenuation parameter to obtain a transportation parameter; calculating the cavitation erosion load radiated to the wall surface by the collapse energy in combination with the collapse energy and the transportation parameters, and accumulating to obtain the accumulated cavitation erosion load of the current prediction position of the wall surface; and determining a cavitation erosion area according to the accumulated cavitation erosion load. According to the cavitation prediction method, the real physical process of cavity collapse is considered, the authenticity of collapse area identification is ensured, meanwhile, the transfer and dissipation processes in energy transportation are considered, and the accuracy of cavitation area prediction is ensured.

The application relates to the field of automatic control of heating, ventilation and air conditioning, and discloses a control method for improving the cooperative operation of an air conditioning system. The method first constructs a virtual flow monitoring model of terminal equipment and heat exchange efficiency gradient calculation logic; secondly, a flow velocity estimation model is established based on the principle of pipe network fluid dynamics to calculate the cold energy transport lag time required for the temperature change generated on the cold source side to be transferred to each thermal saturation terminal equipment; finally, a source network load cooperative regulation strategy is executed to lock the upper limit of the opening degree of the terminal regulating valve and simultaneously reduce the pressure difference set value of the supply and return water main on the transmission and distribution side. Through the time and space synchronous regulation strategy, the application effectively solves the large flow and small temperature difference problem of the air conditioning water system under the premise of guaranteeing the comfort of users, and improves the comprehensive operation energy efficiency of the system.

The present invention provides a novel and effective solution for connecting, reinforcing, sensing, and / or actuating pre-manufactured parts (such as 3D-printed parts), and also, optionally add multi-functionalities to the system; the multi-functionalities include but are not limited to fluid transportation, mass transfer, heat transfer, energy harvest from and energy emission to the surrounding environment; signal communication and energy transportation.