914 results about "Glass manufacturing" patented technology

The invention belongs to the technical field of glass manufacturing, and particularly relates to anti-falling and anti-scratching lithium aluminum silicate glass and a preparation method thereof.The anti-falling and anti-scratching lithium aluminum silicate glass is prepared from, by mass, 250.0%-65.0% of SiO2, 10.0%-20.0% of Al2O3, 2.0%-8.0% of Na2O, 1.0%-5.0% of K2O, 1.0%-5.0% of MgO, 1.0%-5.0% of ZrO2, 2.0%-8.0% of Li2O, 0.1%-2.0% of CaO, 1.0%-5.0% of Y2O3, 0.1%-5.0% of BaO and 0.05%-0.5% of additives; the additive is one or more of Fe2O3, Co2O3, CuO and Cr2O3; the mass ratio of BaO to Y2O3 is 1: (2-4). The problems of long founding time, low ion exchange process efficiency, low hardness, low bending strength and poor high-temperature stability of the existing lithium aluminosilicate glass preparation process are solved.

The invention discloses a composite clarifying agent for alkali-free glass and a manufacturing method of an alkali-free glass substrate, and relates to the technical field of glass manufacturing, the composite clarifying agent for alkali-free glass comprises the following components by mass: 12-30% of ammonium chloride, 48-73% of sulfate, and 11-25% of calcium fluoride; the preparation method comprises the following steps: adding a composite clarifying agent accounting for 0.2-1.2% of the total weight of the glass raw material into the glass raw material, uniformly mixing to form a batch, and carrying out melting, molding, spraying, annealing, cutting, alkali cleaning and other processes on the batch to finally prepare the glass substrate. The prepared composite clarifying agent does not contain toxic substances such as arsenic oxide and antimony oxide, the glass substrate produced by using the clarifying agent not only has an excellent clarifying effect, but also can recycle SO2 and NH3 gas generated in the melting process, can effectively solve the quality problems such as micro-flaws on the surface of the glass substrate in the production process, and has a good application prospect. And the production cost can be reduced and the product quality can be improved.

The invention discloses high-toughness ultrathin flexible glass and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of glass manufacturing. The ultrathin flexible glass is prepared from the following raw materials: silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, lithium oxide, sodium oxide, magnesium oxide, a modified nano reinforced phase, a high-temperature melting regulator and cerium dioxide. The modified nano reinforced phase is prepared by the following steps: pre-treating silicon carbide and silicon nitride with hydrochloric acid, and mixing with nano zirconium oxide to obtain a mixture; and modifying the mixture with a silane coupling agent to obtain the modified nano reinforced phase. The high-temperature melting regulator is a mixture of lithium borate, sodium sulfate and lithium fluoride. The preparation method of the ultra-thin flexible glass comprises the following steps: preparing the modified nano reinforced phase, melting and homogenizing the glass, forming the glass substrate, and preparing the ultra-thin flexible glass. The ultra-thin flexible glass prepared by the invention has relatively high fracture toughness and structural rigidity, excellent flexibility and bending fatigue durability, and excellent thermal shock resistance.

The invention relates to blue high borosilicate glass and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of glass manufacturing, and the blue high borosilicate glass comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 50-60 parts of silicon dioxide, 10-15 parts of boron oxide, 2-3 parts of aluminum oxide, 6-8 parts of alkali metal oxide, 3-4 parts of a compound clarifying agent and 1-3 parts of a modified coloring agent. According to the technical scheme, the cobalt blue pigment is coated with mesoporous silica, and the composite material is obtained; combining the composite material with a silane coupling agent to obtain a silanized composite material; combining the silanized composite material with boric acid ester to obtain a modified coloring agent; the prepared modified coloring agent enables the high borosilicate glass to have remarkable blue color and to be stable in color and not prone to volatilization under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, the added composite clarifying agent is formed by mixing cerium dioxide, sodium sulfate and tin oxide, the clarity of the glass is improved, volatilization of boron is effectively reduced, and the service life of the glass is prolonged. The mechanical property and the stability of the high borosilicate glass are generally improved, and the quality of the glass is improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of TFT glass manufacturing, and relates to a cutting device for TFT production, the cutting device comprises a base, a supporting platform, a discharging platform, a mounting frame, a driving mechanism, a lineation mechanism and an extrusion mechanism, the top of the base is connected with the supporting platform, the supporting platform is provided with the obliquely arranged discharging platform, the supporting platform is connected with the mounting frame, and the driving mechanism is connected with the lineation mechanism. A driving mechanism is arranged on the mounting frame, and a scribing mechanism for scribing the TFT glass and an extruding mechanism for partitioning the scribed TFT glass are arranged on the driving mechanism. According to the TFT glass scribing device, after scribing of TFT glass is completed, the pressed block can be extruded through the extrusion frame, the pressing plate is made to move downwards, the scribing part of the TFT glass is pressed into a block with the medium size, and when splitting is conducted again, the final finished product can be obtained by folding and splitting along the middle for many times, and splitting operation is more convenient and higher in efficiency.

The invention relates to the technical field of glasses manufacturing, and discloses a glasses frame manufacturing method based on topological optimization and 3D printing and a frame, and the manufacturing method comprises the following steps: S1, obtaining head data of a user, and designing a lightweight glasses frame structure through topological optimization in combination with a dynamic load condition; s2, seamlessly converting the frame model generated by topological optimization in the step S1 into 3D printing parameters; and S3, manufacturing the lightweight spectacle frame with the partition material according to the topological optimization result of the step S1 by using a multi-material 3D printing technology. By inputting the head data of the user and the dynamic load condition into the topological optimization process, a lightweight frame structure adaptive to the individual wearing requirement can be generated on the premise of meeting the strength requirement, the matching degree of the frame and the facial features of the user is improved, meanwhile, redundant materials are reduced, and the mechanical property is maintained while the lightweight is ensured.

An ultra-thin flexible glass and its preparation method belong to the technical field of glass manufacturing. The raw materials of the ultra-thin flexible glass are composed of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, sodium oxide, boron trioxide, calcium oxide, lithium oxide, a composite toughening agent, a composite flux, and a composite fining agent. The ultra-thin flexible glass prepared by the present invention has an ultimate bending radius of 2-3 mm, a maximum number of bending times of 350,000-360,000 times, a surface compressive stress of 916-937 MPa, a Vickers hardness of 610-623 MPa, and an elastic modulus of 79-82 GPa.

The utility model discloses a shaft head welding device of a glass conveying roller, which relates to the field of glass manufacturing and comprises a welding robot and a workbench. The welding robot is arranged on one side of the workbench, and a welding machine is installed at the moving end of the welding robot. The working table comprises a table plate and a rotating mechanism, and the rotating mechanism is used for driving the table plate to rotate; a plurality of first positioning holes are distributed in the table plate around the rotating center, and the first positioning holes penetrate through the table plate; a positioning step for dividing the first positioning hole into an upper part and a lower part is arranged in the first positioning hole; sealing plates and positioning rings are arranged below the first positioning holes at intervals in a staggered mode, the sealing plates seal the lower ends of the first positioning holes, and second positioning holes communicated with the first positioning holes are formed in the positioning rings in a penetrating mode. The shaft head welding device has the advantage that the production efficiency of shaft head welding is improved.

The utility model discloses a tin bath allowing tin ash to automatically flow to the edge, and belongs to the technical field of float glass manufacturing. The tin bath comprises a tin liquor pool and small lug pools, one end of an inlet of the tin liquor pool is connected with the melting furnace, one end of an outlet of the tin liquor pool is connected with the annealing furnace, the tin liquor pool comprises a tin liquor pool bottom, an end wall and side walls, the tin liquor pool bottom is provided with mutually communicated relatively deep pool areas close to the end wall of the outlet of the tin bath, and the small lug pools are arranged on the side walls on the two sides of the tin liquor pool. A linear motor is mounted in the small lug pool; an inlet of the small lug pool is communicated with a relatively deep pool area close to the end wall of the tin liquid pool, an outlet of the small lug pool is communicated with a relatively deep pool area far away from the end wall, the relatively deep pool areas communicated with each other surround to form a pair of relatively shallow pool areas, and the relatively deep pool areas communicated with each other and the small lug pool form wide-path circulation. According to the utility model, the depth of local tin liquid at the outlet end in the tin bath is changed to form a wide circulation path with the small lug pools on the two sides, so that the tin ash cleaning effect near the central position of the wide tin bath is enhanced.

The invention discloses high-strength high-temperature-resistant fireproof industrial glass and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of glass manufacturing. The industrial glass is prepared from the following raw materials: silicon dioxide, boric oxide, aluminum oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, niobium phosphate, a composite reinforcing component and a clarifying agent, the composite reinforcing component is prepared from hafnium oxide, gadolinium oxide and zinc oxide; the clarifying agent is obtained by mixing cerium dioxide and tin oxide. The preparation method of the industrial glass comprises the following steps: preparing functional components, melting glass, forming a glass substrate, and preparing the industrial glass. The prepared industrial glass is high in strength, good in high-temperature stability and excellent in fireproof performance.

The invention relates to high-strength and heat-resistant glass and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of glass manufacturing, and the high-strength and heat-resistant glass comprises the following chemical components: SiO2, B2O3, Na2O, K2O, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, ZnO, Li2O, P2O5, Nb2O5, Re2O7, Gd2O3 and SrO. The average linear thermal expansion coefficient of the high-strength and heat-resistant glass prepared by the invention is (2.94 to 3.23) * 10 <-7 > / DEG C, the softening temperature is 710.1 to 720.4 DEG C, the breaking strength is 206.4 to 214.5 MPa, the impact strength is 49 to 54 cm, and the microhardness is 570 to 608 MPa.

The present invention belongs to the technical field of glass manufacturing. Provided are a recipe of glass capable of carbon emission and a preparation method for the glass capable of carbon emission. The recipe comprises the following raw material components in percentage by mass: 53-60% of quartz sand, 12-18% of wollastonite, 5-12% of albite, 0.5-2% of spodumene, and 15-20% of NaOH; on this basis, 2-5% of water and 5-10% of a silica sol binder are additionally added to ensure the humidity and good adhesive effect of a compounded material. The raw materials are fully mixed and then fed to an extrusion molding machine, the pressure in the extrusion molding machine is controlled to be 50-150 MPa, and extrusion is performed to form spherical or flake-shaped pellets having a diameter of 5-15 mm; and the granulated and molded pellets of the compounded material are then preheated to 500°C and put into a kiln for melting to obtain glass capable of carbon emission. The preparation method can improve the utilization rate of the compounded material, shorten the melting time, reduce the melting temperature, improve the quality of glass melting, reduce the unit energy consumption, and reduce the carbon emission.

The utility model discloses a hot charging device for a glass conveying roller, which relates to the field of glass manufacturing and comprises a feeding frame, a feeding mechanism, a heating mechanism, a discharging mechanism, a discharging frame and an operation table. The feeding frame is used for containing rollers, the feeding mechanism is used for transferring the rollers from the feeding frame to the heating mechanism, the heating mechanism is used for heating the rollers, and the discharging mechanism is used for transferring the glass conveying rollers subjected to hot charging from the heating mechanism to the discharging frame. The operation table is used for operating the feeding mechanism, the heating mechanism and the discharging mechanism to work. The conveying roller has the advantages that the hot charging technology is adopted, deformation caused by local high temperature in the welding process is reduced, and the assembly precision between the roller and the shaft heads and the using effect of the conveying roller are improved.

The invention is applicable to the technical field of cover plate glass manufacturing, and provides a preparation method of cover plate glass with anti-dazzle, anti-reflection, antifouling and scratch-proof functions, which comprises the following steps: pretreatment of a base material: cleaning and drying the surface of the glass base material to remove oil stains and impurities; preparing an anti-dazzle film: forming the anti-dazzle film on the surface of the pretreated glass substrate; an antireflection film is deposited, specifically, the antireflection film is deposited on the side, away from the base material, of the anti-dazzle film through coating equipment, the antireflection film is composed of a SiO2 layer and an H14La2O7Ti layer, and the H14La2O7Ti layer is located between the SiO2 layer and the subsequent anti-fingerprint film; preparing an anti-fingerprint film: depositing the anti-fingerprint film on one side, far away from the anti-glare film, of the antireflection film, and curing to obtain the cover plate glass with anti-glare, anti-reflection, antifouling and anti-scratch functions. According to the invention, the wear resistance is obviously improved; the light transmittance and the optical performance are stable and controllable; the anti-dazzle function and the anti-smudginess function are coordinated and stable; production adaptability and cost control advantages are realized; the prepared cover plate glass has excellent environmental adaptability.

The invention relates to the technical field of cadmium telluride power generation glass manufacturing, in particular to a surface treatment method of a cadmium telluride absorption layer, cadmium telluride power generation glass and a manufacturing method. An oxide layer on the surface of a cadmium telluride absorption layer is etched by laser, so that the cadmium telluride absorption layer forms a pyramid-shaped suede structure, and the height of the suede structure is 5-80 nm. The oxide layer on the surface of the cadmium telluride absorption layer is etched by laser, a light trapping structure is formed, light absorption is improved, high-quality ohmic contact between the light absorption layer and the back contact layer is improved, series resistance is reduced, short-circuit current is improved, and therefore the performance of the cadmium telluride power generation glass is improved.

The invention relates to the field of manufacturing of multi-color sheath glass, in particular to glass and a preparation method of a multi-color sheath of the glass. The glass base layer comprises glass, a multicolor sheath layer and a surface self-cleaning layer. The surface self-cleaning layer of the glass has a novel composite structure of a nanocrystalline multicolor sheath layer and a quantum dot sensitized self-cleaning layer. The structure effectively solves the problem of color covering of a traditional thick coating. In addition, through cooperative modification of the carbon quantum dots and the graphene quantum dots, the photoresponse range of titanium dioxide is expanded from ultraviolet light to visible light, so that the photocatalytic efficiency of the titanium dioxide is remarkably improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of optical glass, and discloses an impact test device for manufacturing optical glass, which comprises a bearing platform, a guide assembly mounted on the bearing platform, a support assembly arranged on the guide assembly, and an impact test assembly arranged on the support assembly, the protection assembly is mounted on the supporting assembly; a steel ball vertically falls to impact optical glass, two supporting assemblies are pushed to move oppositely in the falling process, a movable frame moves to the vertical end along a guide groove through a connecting piece, and at the moment, the movable frame and a supporting roller rod move oppositely along the lower end of the guide groove under the action of a second tension spring; the distance between the two supporting roller rods is shortened by rotating the two supporting roller rods, the two supporting roller rods move downwards and the distance between the two supporting roller rods is shortened in the rebounding process of the steel ball, the steel ball is supported through the two supporting roller rods, the situation that the steel ball rebounds and secondarily impacts optical glass is avoided, and therefore the accuracy of the optical glass impact test is guaranteed.

The invention relates to the technical field of automatic control of glass manufacturing, discloses an optical cooperative monitoring and processing system and method for glass cold end plate explosion, and aims to solve the problems that an existing plate explosion detection range is narrow, the precision is low, and emergency response depends on manual intervention. The system adopts a dual optical detection framework of'dynamic photoelectric scanning + static CCD image recognition 'and is combined with a servo-driven photoelectric plate explosion detection module and a high-resolution defect detection module to realize accurate detection of full-breadth and full-type plate explosion phenomena (transverse / longitudinal fracture, microcracks and unbroken small cracks); a secondary intelligent response mechanism is constructed through an EtherCAT real-time communication protocol, emergency cutting, discharging or precise cutting (including block cutting and stripping / sleeving cutting) is automatically triggered, and manual intervention is not needed. The detection precision reaches 99% or above, the response delay is smaller than or equal to 50 ms, production interruption and equipment damage can be remarkably reduced, and stable and efficient operation of a glass cold end production line is guaranteed.

A light-adjusting glass is provided to include: a first toughened glass layer, a first adhesive layer, a first substrate, a second substrate, a second adhesive layer, a second toughened glass layer and supporting spacers between the first and second substrates, which are sequentially stacked; materials of the first and second adhesive layers are melted under the conditions that a temperature is in a range of 130° C. to 150° C. and a pressure is in a range of 12 bar to 14 bar, and are solidified after being cooled; the light-adjusting glass further includes an edge sealing structure around the first and second substrates, and the edge sealing structure, the first and second substrates are enclosed to form a gap filled with a liquid crystal; the edge sealing structure includes a liquid crystal pouring port therein; a sealing glue is at an opening of the liquid crystal pouring port and seals the opening.

The utility model discloses an electric melting furnace for manufacturing medical glass. The electric melting furnace comprises a furnace body which is horizontally arranged and a support frame which is arranged on the outer wall of the furnace body, a top cover is arranged on the top of the furnace body, a feeding pipe is installed on the top cover, and a driving motor is fixed to the position over the top cover through a bolt. A hydraulic rod is further fixed to the outer wall of the furnace body through bolts, and the output end of the hydraulic rod is connected with a top cover. The output end of the driving motor is connected with a rotating shaft, stirring blades are installed on the outer wall of the rotating shaft, and the outer wall of the rotating shaft is further connected with a first electrode set. According to the electric melting furnace for medical glass manufacturing, the top cover is connected with the fixing frame through the positioning rod, the filter screen is installed on the inner wall of the fixing frame, the filter screen is connected with the rotating shaft through the bearing, when the top cover ascends, the positioning rod drives the fixing frame to ascend together, and the top cover drives the rotating shaft to ascend, so that parts on the inner side of the furnace body are separated out; therefore, the inner side of the furnace body can be better cleaned.

The invention relates to the technical field of special glass manufacturing, in particular to a method for preparing ultrathin aluminosilicate glass, which comprises the following steps: mixing SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, K2O, Na2O and ZrO2 / Li2O in proportion; feeding the mixed raw material into a glass melting furnace for high-temperature melting to form molten glass; pouring the molten glass into a float tank filled with tin liquor, and forming a layer of uniform glass tape on the surface of the tin liquor; standing and cooling the glass tape in the tin bath until the glass tape is solidified to form plate glass; carrying out annealing treatment on the cured plate glass, and carrying out chemical strengthening treatment in the annealing treatment process; judging whether the chemical strengthening treatment meets a preset standard or not according to the strengthening warping value; secondarily judging whether the chemical strengthening treatment meets a preset standard or not according to the strength evaluation value; the plate glass which meets the preset standard through chemical strengthening treatment is cut to obtain the ultra-thin aluminosilicate glass, and the quality of the ultra-thin aluminosilicate glass is improved.

A molten glass transport system includes rails spaced laterally apart from one another and establishing a cup transport path and cup carriages suspended from the rails and movable back and forth along the cup transport path of the rails. A related method and glass manufacturing system are also disclosed.

A bulk material handling system includes a majors material handling system including bulk material storage modules and bulk material dispensing modules. The dispensing modules include bulk material dosing assemblies and docking assemblies. A bulk material handling method includes conveying bulk material from a mobile bulk material container into a stationary bulk material container at a glass manufacturing facility via dense phase pneumatic conveying.

The invention discloses a hollow glass polishing and press-fit fixing device, and relates to the technical field of glass manufacturing, the hollow glass polishing and press-fit fixing device comprises a hollow glass polishing device and a polishing control system, supporting plates are uniformly distributed and mounted on the outer side surface of a limiting and fixing assembly, and baffles are mounted on the outer side surfaces of the output ends of a plurality of electric telescopic rods; large round hollow glass slowly rotates, so that the edge is in contact with a grinding head for grinding, it is ensured that the large round hollow glass is always dynamic in the grinding process, the more uniform grinding effect is achieved, local excessive abrasion or uneven abrasion generated in the grinding process is avoided, the total grinding efficiency is improved, and the grinding efficiency is improved. By means of the grinding device, the working efficiency is higher, the shape is kept complete in the grinding process, the large round hollow glass can rotate more smoothly, the grinding process can be controlled more accurately, and the grinding device is particularly suitable for occasions needing high machining precision.

The invention discloses microcrystalline glass, a microcrystalline glass manufacturing method and a household appliance, and relates to the technical field of microcrystalline glass manufacturing, the surface roughness of the microcrystalline glass is greater than or equal to 0.8 [mu] m and less than or equal to 2.0 [mu] m, and the Mohs hardness of the microcrystalline glass is greater than or equal to 6.5 and less than or equal to 8.0. The microcrystalline glass provided by the invention can have better usability.

The utility model relates to glass manufacturing, and provides a feeding device which comprises a feeding box and a feeding opening formed in the feeding box, the feeding box is provided with a channel communicated with a material receiving bin, a plurality of dust removal holes are formed in the side wall of the end, close to the material receiving bin, of the channel, and a dust removal buffer box covers the periphery of the material receiving bin. And the material receiving bin is detachably connected with the dust removal buffer box in a drawing manner. In addition, the utility model further provides an ingredient production line for glass production. According to the feeding device, the dust removal buffer box is connected with the dust removal bin, dust in raw materials can be effectively removed, meanwhile, the technological process is simplified, the working efficiency is improved, and then the working environment of workers is improved.

The invention discloses laminated glass, a laminated glass manufacturing method, a panoramic front windshield and a vehicle. The laminated glass comprises a first glass plate and a second glass plate, the first functional membrane is of an integrally-formed membrane structure covering a dimming area on the upper portion of the laminated glass and a visible area on the lower portion of the laminated glass, and the first functional membrane is attached to the inner surface of the first glass plate; the second functional membrane is an integrally formed membrane structure or a spliced membrane structure covering a dimming area on the upper portion of the laminated glass and a visible area on the lower portion of the laminated glass, and the second functional membrane is attached to the inner surface of the second glass plate; the third functional membrane is clamped between the first functional membrane and the second functional membrane, and the third functional membrane is positioned in the visible area of the laminated glass; the functional component is clamped between the first functional membrane and the second functional membrane, the functional component is located in the dimming area of the laminated glass, and the functional component and the third functional membrane are spliced at the position where the dimming area is connected with the visible area.

A hybrid glass manufacturing furnace for supplying a unit for floating the glass on a molten metal bath, includes, from upstream to downstream: an electric melting zone with a cold-top including electrodes for melting a vitrifiable mixture in order to obtain a bath of glass; a refining and homogenizing zone with a hot-top, including a first convection loop and a second convection loop; and a zone for cooling the glass formed by a conditioning tank which, being passed through by the second convection loop, is connected to at least one flow channel, wherein the hybrid furnace includes at least one tank neck that includes a floor and connects the electric melting zone to the refining and homogenizing zone of the glass and the hybrid furnace includes a non-return separation device to prevent the molten glass in the refining and homogenizing zone from returning to the melting zone.

The invention relates to the technical field of substrate glass manufacturing, in particular to a heating device and method for substrate glass production. The heating device for substrate glass production comprises a heating furnace plate and a plurality of heating pieces, a plurality of groove bodies are formed in the side, close to a glass plate, of the heating furnace plate, the groove bodies are arranged in an array mode in the height direction of the heating furnace plate, and the groove bodies penetrate through the heating furnace plate in the length direction of the heating furnace plate; the heating piece comprises a fixing rod and a heating wire, and the fixing rod is arranged in the groove body in the length direction of the groove body and fixedly installed with the heating furnace plate; the heating wire is wound on the peripheral surface of the fixing rod in the length direction of the fixing rod, and the outer diameter of the heating wire is larger than the height of the groove body; a high-reflection layer is arranged on the inner side face of the groove body, and a certain distance is reserved between the high-reflection layer and the outer diameter of the heating wire. The heating device can be safely and reliably used for a long time, and the production stability is improved; and meanwhile, the product quality and the heating efficiency are improved.

The invention discloses a device and a method for improving the reliability of a thermocouple at a channel cooling section in a temperature rise stage, and belongs to the technical field of substrate glass manufacturing. The device effectively solves the problem of fixing the thermocouple by forming a notch in a thermocouple piece and arranging the thermocouple in the notch of a groove-shaped structure, so that the reliability of the thermocouple is improved. And the device is more stable and reliable in the use process. The notch is bent upwards, so that a local cavity is formed between the interior of the notch and the cooling pipe body, and the cavity structure is enough for flexible movement of a thermocouple temperature measurement spot welding point. The position of a temperature measuring point of the thermocouple is crucial to the accuracy of a measuring result. According to the device, the root of the thermocouple (the temperature measuring point of the welding type thermocouple) is accurately arranged in the notch, so that good contact between the temperature measuring point and a measured object is ensured, and the temperature measuring accuracy is improved. Through the sliding thermocouple structure, the problem of large-area damage of the top thermocouple in the temperature rise stage is solved, and the reliability of the thermocouple is improved.