339 results about "Degree Celsius" patented technology

A method and system for providing a disk drive is described. The disk drive includes media such as one or more disks, a slider, and a head residing on the slider. The head has an air-bearing surface (ABS), a portion of which contacts the media during touchdown. The head further includes a plurality of touchdown sensors. A first touchdown sensor is proximate to the ABS, while a second touchdown sensor is distal from the ABS. The touchdown sensors are capable of detecting a temperature change of 0.1 degree Celsius or, in some embodiments, smaller.

A process for preparing roofing granules includes forming kaolin clay into green granules and sintering the green granules at a temperature of at least 900 degrees Celsius to cure the green granules until the crystalline content of the sintered granules is at least ten percent as determined by x-ray diffraction.

Significant research is being done to develop and improve delivery mechanisms for biopharmaceuticals and vaccines, including pulmonary (inhalation), nasal, transdermal, and oral alternatives. Market projections indicate that the delivery of proteins and vaccines by inhalation and oral formulation has become and will continue to be increasingly important. These delivery mechanisms, to be effective, will require better stabilization of the biologicals so that they can maintain potency and effectiveness at ambient temperatures for extended periods of time. The novel Preservation by Vaporization (PBV) Technology described herein provides cost-effective and efficient industrial scale stabilization of proteins, viruses, bacteria, and other sensitive biologicals, thereby allowing a production of products that are not possible to be produced by existing methods. The suggested new PBV process comprises primary drying under vacuum from a partially frozen state (i.e. slush) at near subzero temperatures followed by stability drying at elevated temperatures (i.e., above 40 degrees Celsius). The new suggested method can be performed aseptically in unit doze format (in vials) and/or in bulk format (in trays, bags, or other containers). The drying can be performed as a continuous load process in a manifold vacuum dryer comprising a plurality (e.g., 30) of vacuum chambers attached to a condenser during the drying.

A Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst was prepared by slurry coating ZSM-5 zeolite onto a cordierite monolith, then subliming an iron salt onto the zeolite, calcining the monolith, and then dipping the monolith either into an aqueous solution of manganese nitrate and cerium nitrate and then calcining, or by similar treatment with separate solutions of manganese nitrate and cerium nitrate. The supported catalyst containing iron, manganese, and cerium showed 80 percent conversion at 113 degrees Celsius of a feed gas containing nitrogen oxides having 4 parts NO to one part NO₂, about one equivalent ammonia, and excess oxygen; conversion improved to 94 percent at 147 degrees Celsius. N₂O was not detected (detection limit: 0.6 percent N₂O).

A method and system to produce biodiesel from a combination of corn (maize) and other agro feedstock may be simarouba, mahua, rice, pongamia etc. Germ is separated (either by wet process or dry process) from corn, crude corn oil extracted from germ and corn starch milk/slurry is heated and cooked in jet cooker to about 105 degree Celsius, enzymes added to convert starch into fermentable sugars in liquification and saccharification process and rapidly cooled down to about 30 degree Celsius. Simarouba fruits syrup, mahua syrup is mixed with corn starch milk (after saccharification). When yeast is added the fermentation takes place for about 72 hours. Thereafter the fermented wash is distilled to produce ethanol. Water consumed in dry process is very less compared to traditional wet process system. Corn oil and mixture of other oils is fed into transesterification (reaction) vessels where ethanol with catalyst, usually sodium hydroxide is added and reaction takes place for about a period of 2-8 hours. Crude biodiesel and crude glycerin as by-products is produced. Excess ethanol removed by distillation process. Crude biodiesel washed with warm water to remove residual soaps or unused catalyst, dried and biodiesel stored for commercial use. Oil extracted from spent bleach mud (used sodium bentonite), a waste product of edible oil refineries may also be utilized for economical production of biodiesel in combination of corn oil and ethanol.

A rapid vapor deposition (RVD) method conformally deposits a dielectric material on small features of a substrate surface. The resulting dielectric film has a low dielectric constant, low wet etch rate, low film shrinkage and low stress hysteresis, appropriate for various integrated circuit dielectric gap fill applications such as shallow trench isolation. The method includes the following two principal operations: depositing a thin conformal and saturated layer of aluminum-containing precursor over some or all of the substrate surface; and exposing the saturated layer of aluminum-containing precursor to a silicon-containing precursor gas to form a dielectric layer. In some cases, the substrate temperatures during contact with silicon-containing precursor are greater than about 250 degree Celsius to produce an improved film. In other cases, post-deposition anneal process may be used to improve properties of the film. Generally an inert gas purge is employed between the introduction of reactant gases to remove byproducts and unused reactants. These operations can be repeated to deposit multiple layers of dielectric material until a desired dielectric thickness is achieved.

A solar heat responsive roofing material includes a continuous phase and dispersed discontinuous phase having a phase transition at a temperature between about 50 degrees Celsius and about 95 degrees Celsius.

An aspect of the present invention is directed to an avalanche photodiode (APD) device for use in oil well drilling applications in harsh, down-hole environments where shock levels are near 250 gravitational acceleration (G) and/or temperatures approach or exceed 150° C. Another aspect of the present invention is directed to an APD device fabricated using SiC materials. Another aspect of the present invention is directed to an APD device fabricated using GaN materials. According to an embodiment of the present invention, an avalanche photodiode for detecting ultraviolet photons comprises a substrate having a first dopant; a first layer having the first dopant, positioned on top of the substrate; a second layer having a second dopant, positioned on top of the first layer; a third layer having a second dopant, positioned on top of the second layer; a passivation layer for providing electrical passivation on a surface of the avalanche photodiode; a phosphorous silicate glass layer for limiting mobile ion transport, positioned on top of the third layer; and a pair of metal electrodes for providing an ohmic contact wherein a first electrode is positioned below the substrate and a second electrode is positioned above the third layer; wherein the avalanche photodiode comprises a first sidewall and a second sidewall forming a sloped mesa shape; and wherein the avalanche photodiode operates in an environment comprising a temperature approximately equal to 150 degrees Celsius.

Laser for thermal shrinkage of soft tissue of uvula, soft palate, nasal turbinate or tongue base for the treatment of snoring, nasal obstruction or sleep apnea are disclosed. The preferred laser includes infrared laser about 0.7 to 1.85 micron, pulse duration about 100 microsecond to 5 seconds, spot size of about 2 to 5 mm and power of about 2 to 20 W at the treated area. The laser energy is delivered to the treated area by an optical fiber and a hand piece to cause a localized temperature about 65 to 85 degree Celsius for sufficient shrinkage of the treated soft tissues. Optical fiber bundles to produce high-power diode laser output or multi-wavelength are also disclosed.

A composition is provided that includes a ternary electrolyte having a melting point greater than about 150 degree Celsius. The ternary electrolyte includes an alkali metal halide, an aluminum halide and a zinc halide. The amount of the zinc halide present in the ternary electrolyte is greater than about 20 mole percent relative to an amount of the aluminum halide. An energy storage device including the composition is provided. A system and a method are also provided.

According to one embodiment of the disclosure, an environmental protection coating comprises a circuit assembly having a first protective dielectric layer and a second dielectric layer. The circuit assembly has an outer surface on which a plurality of discrete electrical components are attached. The first protective dielectric layer overlays the circuit assembly. The second dielectric layer overlays the first protective dielectric layer and is made of a dielectric material having modulus of elasticity less than 3.5 Giga-Pascal (GPa), dielectric constant less than 2.7, dielectric loss less than 0.008, breakdown voltage strength in excess of 2 million volts/centimeter (MV/cm), temperature stability to 3000 Celsius, defect densities less than 0.5/centimeter, pinhole free in films greater than 50 Angstroms, capable of being deposited conformally over and under 3D structures with thickness uniformity less than or equal to 10%.

A cold spray apparatus is provided that includes a nozzle having a converging section and a diverging terminal section. A gas supply meters a majority by atomic percent helium gas to the nozzle at an incident gas temperature of less than 30° Celsius and at an incident velocity of between 2 and 6 MPa. A particulate feeder provides ductile material particulate having a mean x-y-z axially averaged linear dimension of between 0.9 and 95 microns to the nozzle. A composition is also provided that includes a substrate and a coating of ductile metal. The coating has a void density of less than 1% by volume, and an average domain size of between 0.9 and 95 microns. The coating has a compressive residual stress.

The present invention provides an air-condition heat pump system and two-stage defrosting control method for continuous operation under an environment temperature range from 20 degree to negative 40 degree Celsius or lower. The heat pump system employs different defrosting methods under different temperature and humidity conditions. A ventilation and humidity control system is also provided for implementing the cross defrosting heat pump system within an indoor dimension.

A method for removing residue from a layer of conductive material on a substrate is provided herein. In one embodiment, the method includes introducing a process gas into a vacuum chamber having a substrate surface with residue from exposure to a fluorine-containing environment. The process gas includes a hydrogen-containing gas. Optionally, the process gas may further include an oxygen-containing or a nitrogen containing gas. A plasma of the process gas is thereafter maintained in the vacuum chamber for a predetermined period of time to remove the residue from the surface. The temperature of the substrate is maintained at a temperature between about 10 degrees Celsius and about 90 degrees Celsius during the plasma step.

A film with excellent oxygen barrier properties is disclosed. A barrier coating used thereon is also disclosed, including polyvinyl alcohol and a copolymer of maleic acid and acrylic acid, and wherein the copolymer of maleic acid and acrylic acid has a weight average molecular weight of about 3500 to about 5000. The barrier coating is typically less than about 1 micrometer in thickness and provides an oxygen barrier of less than about 0.3 cc.mil/100 in2/day/atm when tested at 23 degrees Celsius and 0 percent relative humidity according to ASTM D3985. A method of stripping low molecular weight fractions from the copolymer is also disclosed. Metallized coated film according to the present invention shows surprising barrier properties.

An optical sensor includes a directional coupler comprising at least a first port, a second port, and a third port. The first port is in optical communication with the second port and with the third port such that a first optical signal received by the first port is split into a second optical signal that propagates to the second port and a third optical signal that propagates to the third port. The optical sensor further includes a photonic bandgap fiber having a hollow core and an inner cladding generally surrounding the core. The photonic bandgap fiber is in optical communication with the second port and with the third port. The second optical signal and the third optical signal counterpropagate through the photonic bandgap fiber and return to the third port and the second port, respectively. The photonic bandgap fiber has a phase thermal constant S less than 8 parts-per-million per degree Celsius.

The present invention relates to a preparation method of ethylene using the dehydration of ethanol, which is to solve the problem in the prior technology that: the reaction temperature is higher; the hollow speed is lower and the energy consumption is higher. The present invention uses ethanol as the raw material and water as the thinner; under the condition that the reaction temperature is 200- 400 Celsius system, the reaction pressure calculated by a pressure meter is 0-2MPa and the reaction weight hollow speed is 0.1-10 hours, the raw material is contacted with ZSM molecule screen catalyzer to produce a ethylene flow; thereinto the molar ratio between water and ethanol is 0-10: 1. The technical scheme can solve the problem greatly, which can be used in the industrial production of ethylene.

An integrated circuit die (10) has a copper contact (16, 18), which, upon exposure to the ambient air, forms a native copper oxide. An organic material is applied to the copper contact which reacts with the native copper oxide to form an organic coating (12, 14) on the copper contact in order to prevent further copper oxidation. In this manner, further processing at higher temperatures, such as those greater than 100 degrees Celsius, is not inhibited by excessive copper oxidation. For example, due to the organic coating, the high temperature of the wire bond process does not result in excessive oxidation which would prevent reliable wire bonding. Thus, the formation of the organic coating allows for a reliable and thermal resistance wire bond (32, 34). Alternatively, the organic coating can be formed over exposed copper at any time during the formation of the integrated circuit die to prevent or limit the formation of copper oxidation.

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to a method and scalable devices for hyperfast cooling and re-warming of samples. More specifically, it relates to cryogenic preservation of biological samples via vitrification. It includes: a liquid sample placed at ambient temperature in a flat thermo conductive container that in some embodiments additionally contains a detachable disposable or sterilizable thermo conductive spiral; transferring the sample to a cooling chamber using a linear percussion stepping motor drive; hyperfast cooling of the sample using streams of pressurized liquid coolant; transferring the sample to a detachable shipping/storage chamber filled with liquid coolant, from which the sample can be transferred to another vessel that contains liquid cryogenic coolant and moved back to the shipping/storage chamber. This chamber can be then attached to a re-warming chamber, in which the sample is heated to a biologically tolerant temperature above 0 degrees Celsius in a hyperfast manner.

Mixtures of high explosives with materials that readily absorb microwaves ignite more readily when exposed to microwave energy than the corresponding neat explosives. A charge of HMX (0.5 gram) mixed with carbon nanotubes (1 percent by mass) ignited with 7.5 joules at an average rate of 750 W for 10 milliseconds. To raise a charge of the same mass of neat HMX to an autoignition temperature of 200 degrees Celsius would require much more energy (about 110 joules) for a longer duration (about 150 milliseconds).

A method for forming a semiconductor chip or wafer includes following steps. A semiconductor substrate is provided, and then a polymer layer is deposited over the semiconductor substrate, wherein the polymer layer comprises polyimide. The polymer layer with a temperature profile having a peak temperature between 200 and 320 degrees Celsius. Alternatively, the temperature profile may comprises a period of time with a temperature higher than 320 degree Celsius, wherein the period of time is shorter than 45 minutes.

A temperature regulating arrangement (7) at least partially surrounds a fuel or oxidizer storage tank (1). The tank (1) is divided by a polymer membrane (3) into a first partial chamber (2) receiving the fuel (2') therein, and a second partial chamber (4) receiving a gaseous pressure medium (4') therein. The temperature regulating arrangement (7) includes thermal insulation, at least one heater, at least one heat sensor, and a temperature control and regulating unit. By heating the second partial chamber containing the gaseous pressure medium, any fuel vapor permeating through the membrane (3) from the first partial chamber (2) into the second partial chamber (4) is prevented from condensing within the second partial chamber (4). The permeation process is also limited. It is simply necessary to maintain the second partial chamber (4) at a temperature a few degrees Celsius higher than the temperature of the liquid fuel. This tank arrangement is especially suitable for use as a fuel tank or oxidizer tank in a satellite or orbital space station.

A low emission, direct injection, compression ignition, internal combustion engine operates with reduced charge-air oxygen concentration levels to control localized peak combustion temperatures and reduce NOx formation. Low cetane fuel, below 43 cetane, and most preferably with a cetane rating below 30, is utilized with the combustion system to reduce smoke and PM formation simultaneously with the reduced NOx formation. In a preferred embodiment, FCC Naptha fuel, with a cetane rating below 30 and an end boiling point below 120 degrees Celsius, is used with the combustion system together with the reduced charge-air oxygen concentration levels to produce engine-out NOx emissions of 0.2 g/bhp-hr or lower, and PM emissions at 0.01 g/bhp-hr or lower, without the need for NOx (and potentially PM) aftertreatment. Potential commercial applications of the fuel and combustion system are discussed, including application to vehicle fleets, with novel methods of operating a vehicle fleet (and of providing fuel to such fleets) to meet motor vehicle emissions regulations at a reduced cost also being disclosed.