The invention discloses a diagnosis method for through-flow stage efficiency abnormality of a steam turbine high-pressure cylinder. The invention studies how to diagnose the cause of abnormal through-flow parameters of a high-pressure cylinder. According to the scheme, the method comprises the following steps: first, testing the influence of temperature change of inlet steam on the through-flow stage efficiency of a high-pressure cylinder, and judging whether there is a steam leakage phenomenon inside the high-pressure cylinder according to the linear trend of expansion of steam in a steam turbine; then, closing the electric doors of extraction steam in all sections of the high-pressure cylinder, measuring the pressure and temperature of inlet steam, exhaust steam and extraction steam in all sections, calculating the ratio of extraction steam pressure to after-stage flow under variable conditions, comparing the extraction steam pressure with the pressure after corresponding through-flow stage; and finally, determining the cause of through-flow stage efficiency abnormality of the high-pressure cylinder. The cause of through-flow stage efficiency abnormality of a steam turbine high-pressure cylinder is diagnosed according to boundary conditions by making use of the expansion characteristics of superheated steam in the steam turbine and the flow characteristics of superheated steam in the channel. The invention fills a technology gap in diagnosis of through-flow stage efficiency abnormality of a steam turbine high-pressure cylinder in our country.