The invention discloses a large-scale graph data processing method based on a k<2>-tree and a Multi-valued Decision Diagram (MDD). The method comprises the following steps: 1, performing n-bit encoding on a peak of a graph according to the rule of the k<2>-tree, FORMULA, k being greater than or equal to 2; 2, encoding an edge according to a peak code; 3, constructing an MDD structure according to an edge code to obtain a k<2>-MDD structure which corresponds to an oriented graph and contains n variables, wherein the k<2>-MDD structure has the nature of the MDD and is applicable to the simplification rule of the MDD; 4, performing the following basic operation of the graph on the obtained k<2>-MDD structure through logic operation of a symbol decision diagram: edge inquiry, outside adjacent inquiry and calculation of an out degree of the peak, inside adjacent inquiry and calculation of an in degree of the peak, as well as adding and deletion of an edge, and the like. According to the method, the MDD is used for storing graph data, so that isomorphic sub trees in the k<2>-tree are combined, the number of nodes is reduced, and the structure is more compact; the basic operation of the graph is converted into the logic operation, so that the operation is simpler.