The invention relates to a low-quality finger vein image enhancement method, which comprises four processing stages of: image preprocessing, image segmentation, parameter correction and skeleton line tracking, wherein the image preprocessing stage comprises four steps of: target positioning and cutting, target size normalization, image filtering and image rotation, so that influence of difference of an acquisition device on adaptive capacity of the image enhancement method can be weakened; the image segmentation stage comprises three steps of: adaptive threshold image segmentation, mathematical morphologic filtering and image thinning, so that a finger vein binary image and a skeleton image are acquired to serve subsequent processing; and in the parameter correction stage, average width of finger vein is calculated according to the finger vein binary image and the skeleton image, and a width parameter and a distance parameter in the method are corrected according to the width. The skeleton line tracking stage comprises steps of acquiring a tracking starting point set, initializing a track space, selecting a tracking starting point, generating a random search direction, performing dark line tracking and the like. By adopting the method, a low-quality finger vein image can be quickly and effectively enhanced, and high adaptive capacity is guaranteed.