The invention provides an ultrasonic vibration device for coaxial ultrasonic-assisted laser shot peening, which mainly includes a vibration rod, a horn, a piezoelectric ceramic, a first optical glass, a second optical glass, a vibration rod and a horn A through hole is machined in the axial center, and the lower end of the vibration rod is fixedly connected with the upper end of the horn; the first optical glass is located on the top of the vibration rod, and the second optical glass is located at the bottom of the horn. The upper end of the vibrating rod extends out of the upper surface of the upper casing and is fixedly connected with it, and the piezoelectric ceramic is mounted on the vibrating rod. In the ultrasonic vibration device, after the piezoelectric ceramic is energized, the electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy to generate ultrasonic waves, and the amplitude of the mechanical vibration is amplified through the horn. A through hole is machined in the axial center of the vibrating rod and the horn, which provides a propagation channel for the laser, and realizes the coaxial propagation of the ultrasonic vibration wave and the laser shock wave. To ensure the coupling of the two during the propagation process, to promote the dynamic recrystallization behavior of the material, and to prepare metal parts with ultra-fine grain surfaces.