The invention belongs to a vacuum compressor, and particularly relates to a speed increase gear drive mechanism of a speed increase device of a circulation type forward and backward turning and variable speed vacuum compressor. The speed increase gear drive mechanism comprises an output shaft, an output gear, a main turning shaft, a turning gear, a speed increase gearbox and a turning case, and is characterized in that a speed increase gear drive mechanism body is installed on the output gear of the output shaft and composed of a first transition gear shaft, a first transition gear, a second transition gear, a second transition gear shaft, a third transition gear and a fourth transition gear, the first transition gear shaft is provided with the first transition gear and the second transition gear sequentially, the third transition gear and the fourth transition gear are sequentially installed on the second transition gear shaft, the output gear is meshed with the third transition gear, the fourth transition gear is meshed with the first transition gear, and the second transition gear is meshed with the turning gear of the main turning shaft. The speed increase gear drive mechanism is reasonable in design and compact in structure, and has the advantages of being high in speed increase transmission ratio, stable and reliable in transmission performance, capable of improving the vacuum pumping efficiency and compression efficiency of the vacuum compressor, and the like.