The invention discloses a dust collecting and air cooling heat exchanger, relating to a gas purification device, in particular to the dust collecting and air cooling heat exchanger which is used for a biomass fluidized bed and fulfills the functions of dust collection and air cooling heat exchange. The dust collecting and air cooling heat exchanger mainly comprises a cyclone dust collector, wherein the cyclone dust collector consists of a cylinder, a cone, a gas inlet pipe and a gas outlet pipe, the cone is arranged below the cylinder, the lower part of the cone is connected with an ash discharge pipe, the gas inlet pipe is communicated with the upper part of the cylinder along a tangent direction of the cylinder, and the gas outlet pipe is arranged in the cylinder. The dust collecting and air cooling heat exchanger is characterized in that a round pipe with both closed ends is also arranged in the cylinder of the cyclone dust collector and is sleeved on the gas outlet pipe, an interlayer between the inner wall of the round pipe and the outer wall of the gas outlet pipe is a heat exchange chamber, an air inlet is arranged at the upper end of the round pipe, and an air outlet is arranged at the lower end of the round pipe. Compared with the traditional equipment, the invention has six advantages that firstly, the functions of dust collection and air cooling heat exchange are simultaneously realized; secondly, the efficiency of dust collection and air cooling heat exchange is high; thirdly, ashes can be continuously discharged in the work process; fourthly, the structure is simple, and the operation is convenient; fifthly, the occupied area is small; and sixthly, the cost is low.