The invention discloses a device and a method for casting concrete continuous walls along gob-side entry retaining by a mining working face. A fiber flexible template is in cuboid shape or in cubicalshape, which is formed by a main body template and a top joint template and is connected with a flange, a casting opening, a reinforcing steel bar implanting opening, a spacing hole and a tiepiece. The method comprises the following steps: the fiber flexible template is manufactured in advance; the flexible template is hung over on a top plate of a coal seam through an individual hydraulic prop oran anchor rod by the flange; the exposure end of the implanted reinforcing steel bar is inserted in the flexible template through the reinforcing steel bar implanting opening; a leading screw penetrates into the spacing hole and two ends thereof are fixed by tray nuts; the casting opening is inserted with a concrete conveying pipe and is bonded; concrete is poured into the flexible template through the conveying pipe by a concrete pump; and finally the concrete continuous walls are formed. The invention has simple structure, high-speed construction, high work efficiency, good impermeability,uneasily slurry leaking property, densely filled concrete and good top joint effect, can carry out mechanized operation, adapts to the change of gradient of the roof and floor, and can be widely usedin the following industries, such as coal mine, metallurgical mine, water conservancy, underground construction and national defense and the like.