The invention discloses a method for controlling the component and thermal treatment technological process of pre-hardening plastic die steel. The method includes the steps that firstly, an orthogonal test is designed according to structure characteristics and performance requirements of the pre-hardening plastic die steel, and thermal treatment technological parameters which have obvious influences on performance are found out through the test; then chemical components, the thermal treatment technological parameters and performance indexes are collected; an artificial neural network model is built, the model is trained, input of the model is the chemical components and the thermal treatment technological parameters, and output of the model is the performance indexes; the trained artificial neural network model is used for predicting steel performance and studying influence laws of input to output according to the chemical components and the thermal treatment technological parameters. According to the method, the complicated non-linear relationship between the chemical components, the thermal treatment technological parameters and mechanical properties is built, therefore, the component and thermal treatment technological process can be effectively controlled, the pre-hardening plastic die steel with excellent performance can be generated, and the service life of dies can be prolonged.