The invention discloses a rapid breeding method for bud development and transplantation of potato seeds. The method comprises the following steps of: carrying out pretreatment on potato seeds, namely selecting potato seeds which are not germinated, steeping the selected seeds by seed soaking liquid, and then draining the seeds taken out of the soaking liquid; accelerating germination of the potato seeds, namely putting the potato seeds and a germination medium on a germination bed at intervals for 3-4 layers, accelerating germination for 8-12 days at the temperature of 15-20 DEG C and in a moist state; carrying out seedling cultivation, wherein taking down the buds of 3cm-5cm from the potato seeds after accelerating germination, and transplanting the buds to a seedling cultivation bed after the buds are processed by a rooting agent; transplanting into a large field, namely cultivating the strong seedlings of 10cm-15cm in the seedbed, and transplanting the strong seedlings to a seed farm. The breeding method disclosed by the invention is small in sowing quantity, high in breeding coefficient and low in production cost, and the quality of the potato seeds is easily controlled.