A method for 
anisotropic plasma etching of organic-containing insulating 
layers is disclosed. According to this method at least one opening is created in an organic-containing insulating layer formed on a substrate. These openings are created substantially without depositing etch residues by 
plasma etching said insulating layer in a 
reaction chamber containing a gaseous mixture which is composed such that the 
plasma etching is highly anisotropic. Examples of such gaseous mixtures are a gaseous mixture comprising a 
fluorine-containing gas and an 
inert gas, or a gaseous mixture comprising an 
oxygen-containing gas and an 
inert gas, or a gaseous mixture comprising HBr and an additive. The 
plasma etching of the organic-containing insulating layer can be performed using a patterned 
bilayer as an etch 
mask, said 
bilayer comprising a 
hard mask layer, being formed on said organic-containing insulating layer, and a 
resist layer being formed on said 
hard mask layer. A method is disclosed for forming a layer, protecting exposed surfaces of low-k dielectrics. More particularly the method comprises the steps of sealing exposed surfaces of a, preferably porous, low-k 
dielectric, by forming a protective layer on exposed surfaces during or after the step of patterning openings in the porous 
dielectric layers. Preferably this protective layer is formed by a N2 / O2 
plasma treatment of the exposed surfaces.