The invention discloses a system for measuring parallelism of a large-aperture long-focal-length optical axis. The system comprises a high-precision five-dimensional adjusting frame, a standard plane mirror, an off-axis paraboloid primary mirror, a hyperboloid secondary mirror, a first spectroscope, an interferometer, a second spectroscope, a third spectroscope, a laser, an integrating sphere, a first optical wedge, a second optical wedge, a CCD camera and a computer. The off-axis paraboloid primary mirror, the hyperboloid secondary mirror and the first spectroscope form an off-axis clamping type collimator device; and the second spectroscope, the first optical wedge, the second optical wedge, the CCD camera and the computer form a CCD branch. The invention further discloses a detection method of the large-aperture long-focal-length optical axis parallelism measurement system. The invention not only has the advantages of large aperture, no central obscuration, high transmittance and good image quality, but also has the advantages of small system focal length limitation, accurate reference system axis selection, better correction of off-axis phase difference, high measurement precision and simple and convenient operation.