The invention discloses a synchronous data acquisition and communication circuit, which is realized through a programmable gate array and a matched circuit. The synchronous data acquisition and communication circuit is characterized in that the circuit uses an FPGA clock management module to generate a standard frequency, a differential synchronous signal is then obtained through frequency division, and the same differential synchronous signal source is adopted to trigger all synchronous units. In addition, the synchronous data acquisition and communication circuit introduces testability design and port expansion design through modular design. Compared with a former simple data acquisition or communication unit, acquisition and uploading of all data and complete functions can be realized. Due to the modular design idea, mutual influences can be reduced, diversity of module communication forms is enhanced, and due to the testability design idea, monitoring of working states of each module and the overall body can be enhanced, and the debugging efficiency and the troubleshooting efficiency are improved; and after all unused ports of the FPGA are expanded outwardly, unified management is realized, and function expansion is facilitated.