90 results about "Lymph nodes size" patented technology

The invention discloses a lymph node detection method, system and equipment based on anatomical environment perception and a medium, belongs to the technical field of artificial intelligence medicine, and aims to solve the technical problem of low accuracy of lymph node detection. Comprising the steps of acquiring samples and label data, constructing and training a lymph node detection model, and performing real-time lymph node detection. The lymph node detection model comprises a feature extraction network, a cross-slice attention sub-module guided by a central slice, a three-dimensional channel and space significance enhancement sub-module, a hybrid encoder and Transform decoder sub-module and a detection head sub-module; an auxiliary anatomy environment sensing module is adopted to constrain prototype consistency and difficult negative samples; the auxiliary anatomy environment perception module comprises an ROI-level double-view data enhancement sub-module, a prototype consistency constraint sub-module and a difficult negative sample comparison sub-module. The method can enhance the distinguishing ability of the model to the lymph node and the complex anatomical environment where the model is located, and the lymph node detection accuracy is higher.

The invention provides an immunohistochemical method for antibody joint detection and a kit thereof, and particularly relates to the technical field of medical detection.The method comprises the steps that fresh endometrial lymph node tissue is subjected to frozen section, and a continuous section A and a continuous section B are obtained; 10% neutral buffer formalin is used for fixation; blocking by using a peroxidase blocking agent; respectively and independently dropwise adding a CK19 antibody and an MUC1 antibody on the continuous slice A and the continuous slice B; dropwise adding an HRP direct standard signal enhancer; after the DAB develops color, TBS is terminated, hematoxylin is used for redyeing, dehydration is carried out through absolute ethyl alcohol, and sheet sealing is carried out; the immunohistochemical method kit comprises a CK19 antibody, an MUC1 antibody, an HRP direct standard signal enhancer, a peroxidase blocking agent, a DAB developing solution and a TBS cleaning solution. The kit is used for rapid diagnosis of endometrial lymph node micro metastasis, the whole process only needs 15 minutes, and antigen repair is not needed.

The invention relates to a gynecological pelvic and abdominal lymphatic cleaning prediction model training method and a lymph node model.The training method comprises the steps that preoperative image data and intraoperative instrument operation parameters of historical patients are subjected to modeling processing, and a dynamic mechanics-fluid coupling lymph node model based on bionic materials is constructed; mechanical deformation and fluid flow of a lymphatic system in various clinical scenes are simulated; performing data acquisition processing on the used lymph node model, and quantifying the dynamic influence of the surgical operation on the lymphatic system; the relevance between historical operation and injury risk is deeply learned, and the lymphatic vessel rupture probability is output; real-time feedback control processing is carried out based on the lymphatic vessel rupture probability, a training correction instruction and a risk thermodynamic diagram are generated, and medical workers are guided to optimize surgical skills. Through fusion analysis of the high-fidelity bionic model and multi-modal data, dynamic simulation of the mechanical-fluid coupling effect in the operation and real-time quantification of the operation risk are achieved, and the accuracy and clinical transformation value of operation training are improved.

This invention discloses an automatic segmentation and scoring method and system for FDG PET-CT lesions in lymphoma, belonging to the field of medical image analysis technology. It aims to improve the segmentation accuracy of lymphoma lesions and the objectivity of the Deauville score. First, standardized uptake values ​​are calculated for FDG PET images, and lymph node morphological features are extracted from CT images based on multi-scale Hessian enhancement filtering to construct a dual-modality PET-CT image pair. Then, a dual-channel depth network is used to extract anatomical structural features and metabolic distribution features respectively. Cross-modal gating fusion is used to suppress physiological uptake interference, outputting preliminary lesion segmentation results. Next, three-dimensional connected component analysis is performed on the segmentation mask, and metabolic heterogeneity index is extracted by combining kurtosis and Haar wavelet multi-scale energy. A graph attention network is used to identify key lesions. Finally, the ratio of key lesions to standardized liver uptake values ​​is combined with the metabolic heterogeneity index to correct the Deauville score, achieving automation from lesion detection to treatment efficacy evaluation.

The invention discloses a thyroid cancer and lymph node accurate positioning system based on three-dimensional imaging, which relates to the technical field of medical image modeling, and comprises the following steps: acquiring two-dimensional images of a cross section and a coronal plane, preprocessing the acquired two-dimensional images, extracting image features of the preprocessed two-dimensional images, and constructing a three-dimensional model based on the image features. Evaluating and adjusting the constructed three-dimensional model, displaying the adjusted three-dimensional model by using a visual tool and providing an interaction tool, generating an electronic diagnosis report based on a three-dimensional model positioning result, storing the generated electronic diagnosis report to a hospital internal database, and performing encryption measures on the access authority of the hospital internal database. According to the thyroid gland and lymph gland positioning method, feature processing is performed based on the preprocessed image, the three-dimensional model is constructed based on the feature processing result, and the adjusted three-dimensional model is displayed by using the visual tool, so that the accuracy of thyroid gland and lymph gland positioning is improved, and the complexity of an operation and the risk of lymph gland omission are reduced.

The invention discloses a lymph node screening device for tumor examination, and belongs to the technical field of lymph node screening. The lymph node screening device for tumor examination comprises a box body and a containing assembly used for containing cellulite, a separating assembly used for separating fat from lymph nodes is arranged in the box body, the separating assembly separates the fat from the lymph nodes through water pressure, and the containing assembly is installed in the box body through a rotating disc. The turntable rotates in the box body; by arranging the containing assembly, when fat and lymph nodes need to be separated, cellulite is placed on the supporting net, the fat is removed from the surfaces of the lymph nodes through water pressure by the separating assembly, the fat is washed to the surfaces of the trays, the lymph nodes are left on the surface of the supporting net, and the purpose of rapidly screening the lymph nodes is achieved; therefore, the cellulite can be flatly laid on the surface of the supporting net, the thickness of the cellulite is reduced, fat and lymph nodes can be conveniently separated by the separation assembly, and the separation effect is improved.

The invention provides a lymph node identification system and method integrating multi-scale features, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the grid processing of a pre-obtained original pathological section image, and obtaining a grid data set; based on a preset local feature extraction algorithm and a preset cell detection model, performing local texture information extraction and cell information extraction on each piece of grid data in the grid data set to obtain a plurality of grid data local features; obtaining a candidate organization set based on the plurality of grid data local features; on the basis of a preset global feature analysis algorithm, capturing overall cell distribution features in the candidate tissue set to obtain a target tissue set; obtaining a lymph node distribution diagram based on the candidate tissue set, the target tissue set and an original pathological section image; and recognizing the lymph node of the original pathological section image based on the lymph node distribution diagram. According to the method, comprehensive analysis combining local and global information is realized, and the lymph node identification accuracy is improved.

Provided herein, among other things, is a method for prevention and / or treatment of an autoimmune disease. In some embodiments, the method may comprise administering to a subject a composition, said composition comprising at least one β cell autoantigen, by intralymphatic injection or injection directly into a lymph node.

The invention provides a targeted mRNA delivery system of muscle tissues and / or muscle cells based on aptamer functionalized LNP (Apt-LNP), the delivery system can significantly improve mRNA transfection of the muscle tissues, and meanwhile, mRNA expression in main organs such as liver and spleen is greatly reduced. The expression intensity of muscle tissue in-situ mRNA is improved through modification of the aptamer, meanwhile, mRNA expression in main organs such as the liver and the spleen is greatly reduced, and side effects caused by off-target of mRNA infectious disease vaccines are expected to be avoided. The method is expected to be applied to the field of infectious disease mRNA vaccines The invention also provides a targeting mRNA delivery system of lymph node tissues and / or immune cells based on the aptamer functionalized LNP (Apt-LNP). Compared with an existing lymph node targeting system, the Apt-LNP modified by the aptamer not only can realize lymph node mRNA targeting, but also can further target immune cells, and is expected to be applied to the field of tumor mRNA vaccines to enhance the curative effect of tumor vaccines.

The present disclosure relates to compositions comprising a population of immunomodulatory lipid nanoparticles, as well as methods of using thereof to treat and / or prevent cancer (e.g., via local administration to the lymph nodes) and methods of using thereof to treat and / or prevent cancer metastasis in a subject.

The invention discloses a tumor detection marker and application thereof in medicine preparation, and belongs to the technical field of biomedicine. Clinical sample qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) shows that ENST00000412203.1 is obviously up-regulated in breast cancer tissues, the area (AUC) under the ROC curve reaches 0.9822, and the diagnosis efficiency is excellent. In addition, the invention further finds that the expression of the polypeptide in lymph node metastasis tissues is obviously improved, and metastasis specificity is displayed. Meanwhile, the expression of ENST00000412203.1 is knocked down through siRNA, it is found that proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells are remarkably inhibited, and therefore the siRNA can be used for preparing targeted therapy drugs for breast cancer and has important clinical application value.

Provided herein are vaccine compositions for use in the stimulation of broad-spectrum memory B cell expansion in a patient that has been exposed or is at risk of exposure to an infectious agent of unknown etiology. The composition comprises IL-15 or an IL-15 analog and at least two toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, wherein the agonists are targeted to different members of the TLR family. Further contemplated herein are compositions and methods of stimulating germinal B cell expansion in a patient, the composition comprising IL-15 or an IL-15 analog and a nucleic acid, wherein the nucleic acid encodes at least one immunogenic peptide, and wherein the composition is administered either subcutaneously or directly into a lymph node.

Inventors have first investigated the impact of PIK3CA inhibition in NZBWF1 / J mice a model of lymphoproliferative disorders. They randomly assigned 30 females aged of 24 weeks to receive either vehicle (n=15) or alpelisib (n=15) during 4 weeks. At the time of sacrifice, alpelisib treated mice demonstrated significantly reduced spleen size. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that B cells were significantly reduced in alpelisib treated mice and CD8 cells count corrected. They then decided to explore the relevance of alpelisib in MRL / MpJ-Faslpr / J mice (referred here as MRL-lpr), another mouse model of lymphoproliferative disorder. These mice with homozygous Fas mutation usually develop severe lymphadenoproliferation. At the time of sacrifice. MRL-lpr mice treated with alpelisib demonstrated a reduction on their spleen and lymph node sizes. Flow cytometry analysis showed correction of B cells. T cells and other immune cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), lymph nodes and spleen. The invention relates to a method for treating lymphoproliferative disorder in a subject in need thereof comprising a step of administering the subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a PIK3CA inhibitor.

The invention discloses a Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist / organic photosensitizer protein nano-composite as well as a preparation method and application of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist / organic photosensitizer protein nano-composite. In order to overcome the defects of short blood half-life period, low bioavailability and the like of the existing TLR agonist, the protein nano-composite is obtained by forming a compound in a protein cavity by using the TLR agonist and an organic photosensitizer, and has tumor and lymph node dual-targeting characteristics. The protein nano-composite is simple in preparation method, mild in condition, free of an organic solvent, uniform in particle size and has a pH-responsive drug release behavior, and the protein nano-composite is prepared by a one-step method with water as a solvent. Based on an active targeting mechanism mediated by an albumin binding receptor and an active uptake mechanism of antigen presenting cells to albumin, the nano-composite has tumor and lymph node dual-targeting characteristics, has immunotherapy and light therapy effects under irradiation of near-infrared light, and has a good application prospect from two aspects of short-term quick action and long-term body immunity improvement. Tumor growth is effectively restrained, and tumors are expected to be radically treated.

The application belongs to the technical field of pharmaceutical preparations, and particularly relates to an indocyanine green preparation and a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation is a liquid preparation or a freeze-dried preparation, raw materials for preparing the preparation include indocyanine green, phospholipid, cholesterol, a freeze-drying protective agent, water and a pH regulator, the pH regulator is selected from one or more of sodium citrate, potassium citrate, sodium tartrate, sodium acetate, sodium lactate and sodium succinate, and the pH of the preparation is adjusted to 6.0-8.5. By means of a specific organic acid salt buffer system and a specific preparation process (the freeze-drying protective agent is added before lipid film deposition), the application can specifically inhibit the growth of impurities with RRT 0.7 and RRT 0.3, respectively, and significantly improve the chemical stability of the preparation. Meanwhile, the preparation can realize accurate positioning of sentinel lymph nodes and second and third lymph nodes, and can be used for preparing a lymph tracer. The application effectively solves the technical problems of rapid impurity growth, poor stability and inaccurate multi-stage lymph positioning of the existing ICG preparation.

The invention relates to medical training aids. The claimed method includes preparing models of bone and cartilage structures and molds for blood vessel and thyroid models by 3D printing. A plastisol containing polyvinyl chloride is used for simulating a thyroid and blood vessels. This plastisol is poured into the molds for the blood vessel and thyroid models and held until it has cooled. A plastisol containing powdered graphite and a metal glitter for echogenicity is used for simulating lymph nodes and tumorous growths. Lengths of jute twine are laid in molds, into which a plastisol with added glitter is poured, the plastisol is held until it has cooled, and neck muscle models are cut out. A plastisol containing dyes is poured into a master neck mold to produce a skin model. The models of the muscles, vessels, thyroid, bone and cartilage structures, trachea, lymph nodes and tumorous growths are arranged in the master neck mold, into which a plastisol containing glitter is poured, the assembly is left to cool before being removed and the skin model is attached. The technical result is that the structure of the phantom more closely resembles the structure of a human thyroid.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical nutrition preparations, in particular to an enteral nutrition composition for patients with lymph node injury chylomile leakage, and 100g of the composition comprises the following components: 15-30g of compound oligopeptide powder, 35-80g of carbohydrate, 5-15g of fat, 3-5g of glutamine, 0.1-2g of multivitamins, 0.05-1g of trace elements, 2-4g of electrolyte, 0.1-0.3 g of food additives and 109-1011CFU of probiotics. The composition well solves the problems of inaccurate intestinal nutrition support, low absorption and utilization rate, lack of functional regulation components and the like of incomplete intestinal obstruction tumor patients.

The application relates to the technical field of medical devices, in particular to a skin ultrasound contrast-based axillary sentinel lymph node puncture guiding method. The core of the method is as follows: after injecting an ultrasound contrast agent with a specific particle size through the skin, a preset low-mechanical-index high-frame-rate double-amplitude contrast imaging mode is adopted to dynamically track lymph drainage and sentinel lymph node development, and the enhancement characteristics are recorded; then, under the guidance of multimodal imaging which is fused with real-time contrast, elastic imaging and color Doppler, the target lymph node is accurately punctured and biopsied, and a tissue sample is obtained for pathological analysis. The application realizes integrated operation from sensitive development of the sentinel lymph node, function evaluation to accurate puncture, and provides a non-radiation high-precision puncture guiding method for accurate evaluation of the axillary lymph node state of breast cancer patients before operation.

The invention discloses a lymph node and nodule classification method based on a visual pre-training model and a VLM, and the method comprises two core technology modules: the module 1 is a pre-trained visual large model, and the module is used for coding an ultrasonic image through the abundant and general representation learning capability of the pre-trained large model, and carrying out the classification of the ultrasonic image; features with generalization performance priori are extracted, and the problem of performance reduction caused by domain offset is relieved; the second module is a field-adaptive VLM model, on the basis of a Prompt Finishing design normal form, pictures are coded by using a pre-trained large model, lymph node pictures are abstracted into feature expressions, and the feature expressions have rich and robust feature semantic information and can reflect the distribution conditions of pictures with different contents in a universal feature space, so that the method is suitable for the field-adaptive VLM model; then, the initialized cue word is modified based on the unique feature expression of each image, so that the optimization update of the cue word has strong correlation with the change of the features of the image;

The application provides a prognosis risk stratification prediction method for lymph node tumor residue, and belongs to the technical field of risk prediction, and comprises the following steps: acquiring lymph node HE staining sections and immunohistochemical labeling sections, automatically identifying a tumor region of interest by using a U-Net++ network, removing background noise and non-specific staining interference based on a self-adaptive threshold segmentation algorithm, extracting information in four dimensions, and forming a standardized extracted information set; fusing and mapping the extracted information set into a 256-dimensional feature vector set, inputting each vector into a dynamic integrated prediction model, and outputting stratified differential expression of each vector and stratified comprehensive expression of the vector set; determining a risk level based on quantitative threshold values of the stratified differential expression and comparative analysis of risk probabilities of the stratified comprehensive expression, and constructing a multi-dimensional dynamic weight decision model in combination with patient self-state indexes to formulate a personalized scheme. Through multi-modal feature extraction, dynamic integrated modeling and personalized decision-making, precise risk stratification and treatment scheme customization are realized.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of medical instruments, and particularly relates to a pair of special lymph node removing scissors for a single-micropore-assisted tiny single-hole thoracoscope technology, which comprises a cylinder body and a hand support, the telescopic mechanism is arranged in the cylinder body and the hand support; an angle adjusting mechanism; and a limiting mechanism. The second handle of the telescopic mechanism rotates to drive the first blade and the second blade to be opened and closed and extend out of the cylinder or retract into the cylinder, and when the first blade and the second blade retract into the cylinder, damage to other tissue in the chest is reduced; the moving stroke of a second sliding rod can be adjusted through a first wedge-shaped block and a second wedge-shaped block which slide relatively in the angle adjusting mechanism, so that the maximum opening angle of the first blade and the second blade is adjusted, and the situation that other tissues which do not need to be removed are damaged due to the fact that the opening angle of the first blade and the second blade is too large is reduced.

Disclosed are a combined artificial vascular sheath capable of reconstructing lymph node motive force, a guiding device, and a use method. The combined artificial vascular sheath comprises an elastic sheet and a plurality of tying bands connected to the elastic sheet, wherein the elastic sheet covers a vascular bundle, and the plurality of tying bands sequentially surround and bundle the vascular bundle to form a combined artificial vascular sheath wrapping the vascular bundle. The guiding device comprises a retractor, wherein the retractor is of an arc-shaped plate structure, the front end of the retractor is provided with a guide hook, and the guide hook matches a hook hole on the tying band and the opening thereof faces backwards. According to the present invention, the combined artificial vascular sheath with low elasticity is arranged on the surface of the vascular bundle to replace the damaged or hardened vascular adventitia which has lost its function, such that the function of squeezing and stimulating the peripheral lymph nodes of the blood vessel is reconstructed, and the influence on blood vessel branches is also reduced. The guiding device enables operators to conveniently implant the combined artificial vascular sheath, and has the advantages of simple structure, convenient operation and little damage to human bodies.

The invention discloses an application of a CD177 targeted membrane modified liposome in preparation of a medicine for preventing and / or treating systemic lupus erythematosus. The structure of the CD177 targeting membrane modified lipidosome is divided into three layers, and comprises a lipidosome loaded with a PADI4 inhibitor, a targeting recognition layer formed by coupling CD177 targeting peptide on the surface of the lipidosome, and a bionic functional layer formed by coating a natural neutrophile granulocyte membrane on the outermost layer. In an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced lupus model, the medicine treatment shows strong disease remission capability: 1) improving the whole body phenotype: obviously reducing the swollen spleen and lymph node of lupus mice; 2) repairing kidney functions: significantly relieving glomerulonephritis, and reducing inflammatory cell infiltration and IgG and complement C3 deposition in glomerulus, and 3) significantly reducing the level of proinflammatory cytokines in serum and the titer of a lupus marker anti-dsDNA antibody.

The invention provides a composite hydrogel for lymphatic tissue repair, which is formed by photo-crosslinking a gelatin-dopamine hydrogel capable of being subjected to methacrylic acid esterification, a lymph node acellular matrix and a photo-crosslinking initiator. The invention also provides a preparation method of the composite hydrogel, a re-cellularized hydrogel and application of the composite hydrogel and the re-cellularized hydrogel in preparation of a material for treating lymphatic tissue defects. By compounding the lymph node acellular matrix and the photo-crosslinkable gelatin dopamine hydrogel, a stent carrier which has natural biological signals, is suitable for a three-dimensional microenvironment and has good mechanical properties and in-situ forming characteristics is constructed, and an ideal platform is provided for field planting, growth and function exertion of ADSCs at a lymphatic tissue defect part; the ADSCs are assisted to play a repairing role in promoting lymphatic vessel regeneration and regulating a local microenvironment, and a novel composite hydrogel stent system adaptive to a cell repairing function is provided for treatment of related diseases such as lymphedema.

This invention discloses a two-stage lymph node segmentation method and apparatus for high-resolution labial gland images, comprising: acquiring a high-resolution labial gland image and dividing it into multiple image sub-blocks; extracting high-frequency feature maps and low-frequency feature maps from the image sub-blocks. This two-stage lymph node segmentation method and apparatus for high-resolution labial gland images completes rapid localization and refined segmentation of the lesion region through two stages, obtaining the segmented lesion region. While maintaining rapid processing capabilities, it effectively improves the boundary clarity and segmentation accuracy of the lesion region, achieving accurate segmentation of complex lesions. Simultaneously, this method and apparatus can directly process large-format images and output high-precision segmentation results of equivalent resolution, ensuring accurate identification of local fine-grained lesion regions while maintaining the integrity of the overall structure, meeting the automated segmentation needs of large-format clinical pathological sections.

This invention provides an activatable semiconductor polymer, its preparation method, and its applications. The activatable semiconductor polymer of this invention can efficiently accumulate at tumor sites. Due to the presence of electron-withdrawing groups on its side chains, the polymer's fluorescence is quenched. Upon response to tumor markers—biothiols, reactive oxygen species, and cathepsin B—the polymer's fluorescence recovers, enabling precise imaging and sonodynamic therapy at the tumor site. Simultaneously, the activatable semiconductor polymer of this invention can label immune cells (such as dendritic cells and macrophages) and track their metastasis from the tumor to the draining lymph nodes.

The invention relates to a lymphatic tissue targeted composite nanocluster as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The composite nanocluster comprises Se-doped ZnS nanoparticles and BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) coated on the surfaces of the nanoparticles. The nano platform for synergistically targeting lymphatic tissues integrates the complementary immunoregulation functions of zinc and selenium, overcomes the curative effect limitation of a single element through the synergistic effect of elements, and widens the safe treatment window of necessary trace elements; the natural lymph targeting characteristic of the serum albumin is utilized to realize efficient lymph node delivery of the nanocluster; meanwhile, the nano-cluster structure can promote in-vivo removal, so that long-term accumulation is reduced, and the safety is ensured.

The invention relates to the technical field of biomedical engineering, in particular to Pickering emulsion as well as a preparation method and application thereof. According to the invention, lentinan is selected as an immune agonist and is combined with PLGA, so that the immunocompetence of PLGA as an adjuvant is enhanced; the PLGA-coated lentinan can prevent the antigen from being directly exposed in an organic solvent to influence the activity of the antigen; compared with PLGA nanoparticles, the Pickering emulsion has a larger specific surface area and can adsorb more antigens; the Pickering emulsion has good fluidity and can increase the interaction between the PLGA nanoparticles and cell membranes, when the PLGA nanoparticles are in contact with antigen presenting cells (APCs), a large number of antigens are absorbed by the APCs, and the activated APCs can carry a large number of nanoparticles to enter lymph nodes, so that the Pickering emulsion has good lymph node targeting property. Upon uptake of a large number of antigens, the immune cells induce strong cellular or humoral immune responses in various ways.

Disclosed herein are methods for determining a subject level risk of metastatic cancer involving the training and / or deployment of models to determine 1) a lymph node level risk of individual lymph node involvement and / or 2) a subject level risk of lymph node involvement. Thus, the methods can identify patients who are high or low risk for having nodal disease and optionally enable the guided intervention of cancer patients, for example, via treatment.

The utility model discloses a simulation model for vascular sheath stripping and ligation suture, and relates to the technical field of medical models. The device comprises a second blood vessel, the outer wall of the second blood vessel is communicated with a first blood vessel, the outer walls of the first blood vessel and the second blood vessel are fixedly wrapped with blood vessel tunica vaginalis, the inner walls, close to each other, of the second blood vessel and the first blood vessel are fixedly connected with the same lymph node, and the second blood vessel and the first blood vessel are in a Y shape and are provided with the blood vessel tunica vaginalis on the surfaces. And the lymph node is connected between the second blood vessel and the first blood vessel, so that the tissue structure simulates a real lung structure. The second blood vessel and the first blood vessel are Y-shaped, the blood vessel tunica vaginalis is arranged on the surfaces of the second blood vessel and the first blood vessel, and the lymph node is fixedly connected between the first blood vessel and the second blood vessel, so that a real lung structure can be well simulated, and the blood vessel tunica vaginalis, the first blood vessel and the second blood vessel are made of biological simulation materials with conductive properties and have real touch feeling; therefore, real skill operation can be carried out.