269 results about "Signal averaging" patented technology

Storage elements are read multiple times and the results are accumulated and averaged for each storage element to reduce the effects of noise or other transients in the storage elements and associated circuits that may adversely affect the quality of the read. Several techniques may be employed, including: A full read and transfer of the data from the storage device to the controller device for each iteration, with averaging performed by the controller; a full read of the data for each iteration, with the averaging performed by the storage device, and no transfer to the controller until the final results are obtained; one full read followed by a number of faster re-reads exploiting the already established state information to avoid a full read, followed by an intelligent algorithm to guide the state at which the storage element is sensed. These techniques may be used as the normal mode of operation, or invoked upon exception condition, depending on the system characteristics. A similar form of signal averaging may be employed during the verify phase of programming. An embodiment of this technique would use a peak-detection scheme. In this scenario, several verify checks are performed at the state prior to deciding if the storage element has reached the target state. If some predetermined portion of the verifies fail, the storage element receives additional programming. These techniques allow the system to store more states per storage element in the presence of various sources of noise.

Embodiments disclosed herein generally include using a large number of small MEMS devices to replace the function of an individual larger MEMS device or digital variable capacitor. The large number of smaller MEMS devices perform the same function as the larger device, but because of the smaller size, they can be encapsulated in a cavity using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible processes. Signal averaging over a large number of the smaller devices allows the accuracy of the array of smaller devices to be equivalent to the larger device. The process is exemplified by considering the use of a MEMS based accelerometer switch array with an integrated analog to digital conversion of the inertial response. The process is also exemplified by considering the use of a MEMS based device structure where the MEMS devices operate in parallel as a digital variable capacitor.

The invention provides devices, device configurations and methods for improved sensitivity, resolution and efficiency in mass spectrometry, particularly as applied to biological molecules, including biological polymers, such as proteins and nucleic acids. More particularly, the invention provides methods and devices for analyzing and detecting electrically charged particles, especially suitable for gas phase ions generated from high molecular weight compounds. In one aspect, the invention provides devices and methods for determining the velocity, charged state or both of electrically charged particles and packets of electrically charged particles. In another aspect, the invention provides methods and devices for the time-of-flight analysis of electrically charged particles comprising spatially collimated sources. In another aspect, the invention relates to multiple detection using inductive detectors, improved methods of signal averaging and charged particle detection in coincidence.

Systems and methods for electrophysiological detection and measurement of intuition are disclosed. In one embodiment, one or more electrophysiological properties of one or more individuals are monitored and used as an indication of a future event. In one embodiment, the electrophysiological property may include heart rate variability, brain wave activity, respiration pattern, skin conductance level, etc. In another embodiment, a signal averaging technique is used to generate a waveform that may be used as an indicator of future events.

A magnetometer comprising:a sensor formed of diamond material and comprising a plurality of spin centers;a microwave source configured to subject the plurality of spin centers to microwave pulses;a light source configured to subject the plurality of spin centers to light pulses; anda detector configured to detect a fluorescent output signal emitted from the plurality of spin centers,wherein the magnetometer is configured to integrate the fluorescent output signal over a signal averaging time and process the fluorescent output signal such that a standard deviation of the fluorescent output signal decreases with the square root of the signal averaging time over a time period which spans at least two orders of magnitude in the signal averaging time to achieve a standard deviation of less than 100 picotesla.

A solid-state image pickup apparatus and an image pickup method are disclosed which can detect and correct fixed pattern noise efficiently and accurately. Pickup image signals produced by reading out signals in parallel from a pixel sensor section are subject to an analog gain process, an A / D conversion process and a digital gain process. Within a period within which the pickup image signals which are based on a fixed value are inputted within a one-frame period, a reference signal average is produced from the signals. Sum values of difference values of the signals from the reference signal average are stored. Within a period within which the pickup image signals from valid pixels are inputted within the one-frame period, fixed pattern noise is removed from the pickup image signals using division averages obtained by dividing the stored sum values.

A monitoring apparatus comprising a multichannel pressure sensing sensor for measuring a ballistocardiographic signal of a human body is disclosed. The monitoring apparatus also comprises means for selecting a time window for heart inter beat interval including two consecutive heart beats to be estimated, defining a spectrum for the ballistocardiographic signal averaging between at least two measurement channels of the multichannel pressure sensing sensor, a cepstrum from the logarithm of a spectrum, and a heart inter beat interval. The invention relates to a method for defining a heart inter beat interval, where a ballistocardiographic signal of a body is measured with a multichannel pressure sensing sensor, a time window for heart inter beat interval Including two consecutive heart beats to be estimated is selected, a spectrum for the ballistocardiographic signal averaging between at least two measurement channels of the multichannel pressure sensing sensor, a cepstrum from the logarithm of a spectrum, and a heart inter beat interval are defined.

A magnetometer comprising:a sensor formed of diamond material and comprising a plurality of spin centres;a microwave source configured to subject the plurality of spin centres to microwave pulses;a light source configured to subject the plurality of spin centres to light pulses; anda detector configured to detect a fluorescent output signal emitted from the plurality of spin centres,wherein the magnetometer is configured to integrate the fluorescent output signal over a signal averaging time and process the fluorescent output signal such that a standard deviation of the fluorescent output signal decreases with the square root of the signal averaging time over a time period which spans at least two orders of magnitude in the signal averaging time to achieve a standard deviation of less than 100 picotesla.

The invention provides devices, device configurations and methods for improved sensitivity, resolution and efficiency in mass spectrometry, particularly as applied to biological molecules, including biological polymers, such as proteins and nucleic acids. More particularly, the invention provides methods and devices for analyzing and detecting electrically charged particles, especially suitable for gas phase ions generated from high molecular weight compounds. In one aspect, the invention provides devices and methods for determining the velocity, charged state or both of electrically charged particles and packets of electrically charged particles. In another aspect, the invention provides methods and devices for the time-of-flight analysis of electrically charged particles comprising spatially collimated sources. In another aspect, the invention relates to multiple detection using inductive detectors, improved methods of signal averaging and charged particle detection in coincidence.

The invention relates to signal noise removing method based on parts of frequency spectrum data signal reconstruction. It includes the following steps: collecting intact K spatial data G(kx, ky) from magnetic resonance imaging scanner; taking out parts of frequency spectrum data to reconstruct many observing signals; utilizing multiple observing signal averaging to process image signal noise removing. The invention combines the advantages of the multiple and single observing signal noise removing method that it can save scanning time, increase signal noise ratio. This method is effective and practical, has stable and reliable working performance, can be used in general signal noise removing.

The present invention provides a rotary machine. Three rotation sensors arranged at intervals of 90 degrees in the circumferential direction of a disc-shaped code wheel mounted on an output shaft of a motor output signals corresponding to the rotational speed of the code wheel, respectively. If the code disc is eccentric with respect to the output shaft, an error component (1 cycle component) will be generated when it is rotated for one cycle, and if it is deformed into an ellipse, an error component will be changed for two cycles ( 2 cycle components). The control device averages the output signal of the first rotation sensor and the output signal of the second rotation sensor to eliminate the first correction signal of the two-cycle component, and the output signal of the first rotation sensor and the output of the third rotation sensor The second correction signal from which the 2-period component is eliminated based on the signal difference is added or subtracted by matching the phase and amplitude of the remaining 1-period component to calculate the rotation detection signal from which the 1-period component and the 2-period component have been eliminated.

An apparatus and a method for a I-Q quadrature modulation transmitter monitor a phase bias between an I branch and a Q branch of the I-Q quadrature modulation transmitter. The I-Q quadrature modulation transmitter includes the I-branch, the Q-branch equipped with a phase bias, and a tap. The apparatus is installed between the tap and the phase bias, and monitors the phase between the I branch and the Q branch which phase is introduced by the phase bias. The apparatus includes the following components: a module squarer, receiving signal from the tap and outputting a module square of the received signal; a multiplier, to multiplying data of the I-branch, data of the Q-branch and the module square to output a multiplied signal; and an averager, averaging the multiplied signal output by the multiplier. The phase between the I branch and the Q branch may be corrected according to monitoring results.

Methods and apparatuses for reducing the response time along with increasing the probability of ranging of optical rangefinders that digitize the signal waveforms obtained from the pulse echoes returned from various types of objects to be ranged, the pulse echoes being too weak to allow successful ranging from a single waveform or the objects being possibly in motion during the capture of the pulse echoes. In a first embodiment of the invention, the response time at close range of a digital optical rangefinder is reduced by using a signal averaging process wherein the number of data to be averaged varies with the distance according to a predetermined function. In a second embodiment of the invention, the probability of ranging objects in motion along the line of sight of a digital optical rangefinder is increased and the object velocity measured by performing a range shift of each acquired signal waveform prior to averaging. In a third embodiment of the invention, the signal waveforms acquired in the line of sight of a digital optical rangefinder are scanned over a predetermined zone and range shifted and averaged to allow for early detection and ranging of objects that enter in the zone.

A cochlear implant processing strategy increases speech clarity and provides higher temporal performance. The strategy determines the power spectral component within each channel, and dynamically selects or de-selects the channels through which a stimulation pulse is provided as a function of whether the spectral power of the channel is high or low. “High” and “low” are estimated relative to a selected spectral power, for example. The selected spectral power can be estimated by signal average or mean, or by other criteria. Once a selection of the channels to stimulate has been made, the system can decide that only those channels are stimulated, and stimulation is removed from the other channels. The selected channels are the ones on which the spectral power is above the mean of all the available channels. Fewer channels are stimulated at any time and the contrast of the stimulation is enhanced. Also, the temporal resolution increases as the number of channels that must be stimulated on a given frame decreases. This way, the channels which are presented to the patient are fewer in number and contain more temporal information.

Methods and apparatuses for reducing the response time along with increasing the probability of ranging of optical rangefinders that digitize the signal waveforms obtained from the pulse echoes returned from various types of objects to be ranged, the pulse echoes being too weak to allow successful ranging from a single waveform or the objects being possibly in motion during the capture of the pulse echoes. In a first embodiment of the invention, the response time at close range of a digital optical rangefinder is reduced by using a signal averaging process wherein the number of data to be averaged varies with the distance according to a predetermined function. In a second embodiment of the invention, the probability of ranging objects in motion along the line of sight of a digital optical rangefinder is increased and the object velocity measured by performing a range shift of each acquired signal waveform prior to averaging. In a third embodiment of the invention, the signal waveforms acquired in the line of sight of a digital optical rangefinder are scanned over a predetermined zone and range shifted and averaged to allow for early detection and ranging of objects that enter in the zone.

This invention relates to localized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and to magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of the proton NMR signal, specifically to a magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) method to measure a single volume of interest and to a magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging method with at least one spectral dimension and up to three spatial dimensions. MRS and MRSI are sensitive to movement of the object to be imaged and to frequency drifts during the scan that may arise from scanner instability, field drift, respiration, and shim coil heating due to gradient switching. Inter-scan and intra-scan movement leads to line broadening and changes in spectral pattern secondary to changes in partial volume effects in localized MRS. In MRSI movement leads to ghosting artifacts across the entire spectroscopic image. For both MRS an MRSI movement changes the magnetic field inhomogeneity, which requires dynamic reshimming. Frequency drifts in MRS and MRSI degrade water suppression, prevent coherent signal averaging over the time course of the scan and interfere with gradient encoding, thus leading to a loss in localization. It is desirable to measure object movement and frequency drift and to correct object motion and frequency drift without interfering with the MRS and MRSI data acquisition.

A flicker correction apparatus for correcting a flicker component of an image signal obtained by imaging an object using an imaging device is provided. The apparatus comprises an image average calculation section for calculating an average of the image signal, a flicker frequency calculation section for calculating a flicker frequency, a flicker data extraction section for extracting flicker data using the average of the image signal and the flicker frequency, a flicker determination section for determining the presence or absence of a flicker phenomenon using the flicker data, a flicker correction amount calculation section for calculating a flicker correction amount using the flicker data, and a flicker correction section for removing the flicker component of the image data using the flicker correction amount.

Apparatus and methods are provided for reducing coherent noise in measurements of repetitive analog signal waveforms by digital signal averagers. Coherent noise is repetitive and synchronous with the signal waveform and is therefore undiminished by conventional signal averaging techniques. A major source of coherent noise is the repetitive voltage transitions that occur within the digital signal averager itself. The apparatus and methods of the present invention introduce a known and variable phase offset during the signal averaging process between the signal waveform being measured and the internally generated coherent noise, thereby allowing such coherent noise to be averaged, and therefore reduced, during the signal averaging process. Consequently, the apparatus and methods of the present invention allow greater signal-to-noise ratio and signal dynamic range than with the prior art.

The invention discloses a ferromagnet magnetostrictive effect-based method for testing the length of an anchor rod, which comprises the following steps that: a magnetostrictive waveguide sensor is arranged on the free end of an anchor rod to be tested; a static bias magnetic field is applied at the mounting position of the magnetostrictive waveguide sensor; an exciting pulse signal is applied to the magnetostrictive waveguide sensor to excite mechanical vibration on the free end of the anchor rod; the sizes of the exciting pulse signal, exciting frequency and the static bias magnetic field are set to excite waveguides mainly in a longitudinal mode in the anchor rod; a receiving unit converts an elastic wave signal in a member to be tested into an electrical signal by using an inverse magnetostrictive effect, and after signal amplification, filtration and rectification, signal averaging and A / D conversion treatment, the electrical signal enters a test signal processing unit to test the actual length of the anchor rod to be tested. The method can realize the excitation and detection of ultrasonic waves in the anchor rod. The test signal contains information on the length and defects of the anchor rod and the actual length of a measured anchor rod can be measured accurately through the processing and analysis of a waveguide reflected wave signal.

The invention belongs to the technical field of the digital communication and particularly relates to an automatic gain control method for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system. The method of the invention comprises the following steps: setting a gain initial value of the AGC; measuring a signal average power of each frequency point; judging whether a power average value is less than a noise threshold, and if not, comparing the maximum value of the signal average powers with a target power value and taking the difference value of the maximum value and the target power value as an AGC adjustment increment; if the AGC adjustment increment exceeds an adjustment threshold, adjusting an AGC gain value; and completing the AGC process and outputting a received signal which is subjected to gain adjustment to carry out post-processing. The method of the invention can guarantee the signal power stabilized in an optimum range and reduce the quantization error of the post-processing.

The invention discloses a crystal grain size ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation method without thickness measurement. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out data acquisition on a reference test block and carrying out pretreatment by adopting a signal averaging technology; constructing and calculating a decaying speed coefficient and an average decaying speed coefficient; establishing crystal grain size ultrasonic evaluation models with different thickness measured values; and carrying out crystal grain size evaluation on the test block with unknown crystal grain size. According to the method, the thickness does not need to be measured so that inconvenience on the thickness measurement of a tested object and the influence on the subsequent average crystal grain size, caused by inaccurate measurement, are avoided; the anti-interference capability of the method is effectively improved by a pretreatment means; the evaluation results of two tested test blocks with the average crystal grain sizes being 87.7 microns and 103.5 microns respectively, measured by a metallographic method, are 84.9 microns and 98.9 microns respectively; and errors can be controlled to be + / -5%. Visibly, the method disclosed by the invention provides a means that is not influenced by the thickness and can be used for effectively evaluating the crystal grain size of metal materials.

The invention discloses an alternating current-direct current space charge measuring system capable of improving a pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method, comprising a pulse generator, an emitter-coupled logic integrated programming support environment (Eclipse) signal averaging controller, a high-voltage pulse generator, a PEA measuring unit, a signal generator and a processing host. The system disclosed by the invention adopts the pulse generator of 3kHz and an Eclipse high-speed data acquisition system to acquire real-time signals, so that the measuring time is obviously shortened, a good phase resolution ratio can be obtained under high-frequency voltage and low-frequency voltage and real-time measurement of space charge under the influence of alternating current-direct current voltage can be realized; and meantime, a space charge attenuation graph can more vividly reflect dynamic change of charge.

A noise suppression device calculates a subband SN ratio calculation based on a noise likeness signal, an input signal spectrum and a subband-based estimated noise spectrum. The device calculates a subband-based input signal average spectrum, calculates a subband-based mixture ratio of the subband-based estimated noise spectrum to the subband-based input signal average spectrum on the basis of the noise likeness signal, and calculates the subband-based SN ratio on the basis of the subband-based estimated noise spectrum, the subband-based input signal average spectrum and the mixture ratio.

This invention discloses a automatic gain controller and method for mobile communication terminal containing r4eceiving circuit for demodulating received RF signal to digital signal, which contains signal average power calculator for intercepting the code chip value of I and Q signal of receiving circuit and calculating signal average power in gain adjustment period, gain parameter calculator connected to signal average power calculator for comparing signal average power with preset threshold value and obtaining receiving gain parameter in next period, selector connected to gain coefficient calculator fro selecting control parameter corresponded by said gain coefficient from gain mapper, D / A converter for complete signal gain control according to said control parameter adjusting gain.

System and method for mean phase compensation of code and carrier phase distortions induced by Space Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) filters used for removing interferences from received GPS signals. The phase distortion is mitigated (without the use of beamforming) using a single STAP filter for processing the GPS satellite channels in which appropriate bundling of constraints is applied to the filter weights. The complete solution can be contained in the antenna electronics with no required changes to the legacy GPS receiver.

Storage elements are read multiple times and the results are accumulated and averaged for each storage element to reduce the effects of noise or other transients in the storage elements and associated circuits that may adversely affect the quality of the read. Several techniques may be employed, including: A full read and transfer of the data from the storage device to the controller device for each iteration, with averaging performed by the controller; a full read of the data for each iteration, with the averaging performed by the storage device, and no transfer to the controller until the final results are obtained; one full read followed by a number of faster re-reads exploiting the already established state information to avoid a full read, followed by an intelligent algorithm to guide the state at which the storage element is sensed. These techniques may be used as the normal mode of operation, or invoked upon exception condition, depending on the system characteristics. A similar form of signal averaging may be employed during the verify phase of programming. An embodiment of this technique would use a peak-detection scheme. In this scenario, several verify checks are performed at the state prior to deciding if the storage element has reached the target state. If some predetermined portion of the verifies fail, the storage element receives additional programming. These techniques allow the system to store more states per storage element in the presence of various sources of noise.

Method and system for determining immanence of catastrophic failure for a selected tire among a plurality of tires that are concurrently in operation, the method comprising the steps of: selecting a tire from the plurality of tires; monitoring vibration amplitude versus time signals for the selected tire; using signal averaging to minimize signal noise in the selected tire's vibration signals; at selected intervals, fast Fourier transforming the averaged vibration signals to create a harmonic spectrum for the selected tire; cleaning the selected tire's harmonic spectrum by applying coherence function and averaging calculations to it for minimizing contributions to the selected tire's harmonic spectrum from all other vibration sources including the remaining one(s) of the plurality of tires; comparing the most recent cleaned spectrum with stored values of previous cleaned spectra of the selected tire to track changes in higher order harmonic magnitudes; and determining whether catastrophic failure of the selected tire is immanent by analyzing the changes in higher order harmonic magnitudes and comparing them with predetermined failure criteria.

The invention relates to a method and system for identifying a modulation format based on optical signals in the field of optical fiber communication. The method includes the steps that a TDC exerts certain dispersion values on input optical signals to be identified and then outputs the optical signals, after passing through an optical amplifier, the optical signals are injected into a non-linear power transfer function NPTF generating module, and a optical power meter measures signal average power of the output end of the non-linear power transfer function NPTF generating module; a control and digital signal processing module drives the TDC to generate a series of dispersion values and records each dispersion value and the signal average power, corresponding to each dispersion value, of the output end of the NPTF generating module, and the dispersion values and corresponding signal average power are stored as a dispersion-signal average power measured value array. Matching is carried out among various dispersion-signal average power samples with known modulation format signals and the dispersion-signal average power measured value array, and the modulation format of the best matched sample is discriminated as the modulation format of the input signals. The method and system for identifying the optical signal modulation format does not need any prior information at work, is suitable for signals with various modulation formats and speed and has the advantages of being simple in structure and high in cost performance.