The invention relates to a neural network-based method for identifying and classifying visible components in urine, and belongs to a method for identifying and classifying the visible components in the urine. The method comprises the following steps: shooting an image of a urine sample with a flowing microscope system in urinary sediment detection equipment, and transmitting the image to a memoryof a urinary sediment image workstation; segmenting the shot image in the step 1 to form visible component particle images of the urine, calculating shape and texture feature vectors of the segmentedvisible component particle images in the step 2, and taking the vectors as input of an intelligent neural network; and receiving the feature vectors of the visible component particle images to be identified, normalizing to a range of [0,1], and inputting the trained intelligent neural network for identification. The method has high identification rate and low false positive rate, and greatly improves the accuracy and objectiveness of identifying the visible components in the clinical urine. Meanwhile, the workload of doctors is greatly lightened, and the standardization and automation of detecting the visible components in the urine are realized.