The invention discloses a robot parallel polishing system which comprises a coarse polishing system, a refined polishing system, a base component, a system control cabinet, a pneumatic control cabinet, a robot vision self-positioning system, workpieces and a working table. The workpieces with large free curved faces can be coarsely and finely polished through the polishing systems at the same time, simultaneous polishing on the two same workpieces can be achieved, the polishing accuracy can be effectively guaranteed, and the polishing efficiency is improved. Before the robot parallel polishing system works, the polishing areas are divided by path generative software according to three-dimensional models of the workpieces, the polishing paths are generated, standards of the workpieces are rapidly and accurately demarcated through the robot vision self-positioning system, two industrial robots drive a pneumatic polishing head to conduct coarse polishing and refined polishing on the polishing areas according to the planed paths, the pneumatic mild force control technology, the normal polishing force control technology and the path real-time calibration compensation technology are adopted in the polishing process, and the polishing accuracy and the coincidence of the polishing quality are effectively guaranteed.