The invention discloses a speed sensorless vector control method on the basis of a cascaded high voltage inverter, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: 1, establishing a rotor flux linkage voltage model; 2, establishing a rotor flux linkage current model; 3, identifying a rotating speed, using the rotor flux linkage current model in a two-phase rotating coordinate system in the step 2 as an adjustable model, using the rotor flux linkage voltage model in the step 1 as a reference model, utilizing a model reference adaptive system, and adopting a Popov hyperstability theory to obtain a rotating speed identifying model; 4, obtaining a three-phase sinusoidal voltage reference signal by speed and current double close loop control; and 5, sending the three-phase sinusoidal voltage reference signal to a phase-shifting SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation) distributing plate, controlling a cascaded power unit by utilizing a phase-shifting SPWM control method and controlling the rotating speed of a motor. Due to the adoption of the method disclosed by the invention, a speed sensor does not need to be arranged on a motor shaft, the defects caused by the installation of a speed encoder are avoided, and the flux linkage and the rotating speed of the motor can be well estimated.