The application discloses an optimization method and device for viscoacoustic wave reverse-time migration imaging. The method comprises the following steps: under the constraint of a velocity model and a constant Q model of a target block, forward
simulation of seismic
waves in a stratum is carried out by using a viscoacoustic
wave equation to obtain
wave field forward
simulation records at each time; based on a compensation operator, the
wave field forward
simulation records at each time are reverse-time extended, and
wave field separation is carried out by using a wave
field separation condition to obtain upgoing wave fields and downgoing wave fields; the upgoing wave fields and the downgoing wave fields are correlated and imaged by using a cross-correlation
imaging condition to obtain reverse-time migration imaging results of the seismic
waves; and the reverse-time migration imaging results are optimized according to an X-type operator to obtain optimized reverse-time migration imaging results. The attenuation problem of the propagation of the seismic
waves in a viscoelastic medium can be solved, and more accurate reverse-time migration imaging results can be obtained.