The invention discloses a preparation method of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. The method comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, an oxidation catalyst, an alkaline substance and a solvent, and carrying out catalytic conversion in the presence of an oxygen source to obtain the 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, wherein the oxidation catalyst is an X-Y layered composite oxide, X is one of a group IA element and a group IIA element in the periodic table of elements, and Y is one of a group III element, a group IV element, a group VB element, a group VIB element, a group VIIB element, a group VIII element, a group IB element and a group IIB element in the periodic table of elements. The method has the advantages of high selectivity, few byproducts, mild reaction conditions, low energy consumption, and great reduction of the production cost by using the oxidation catalyst with a low price and avoiding the use of a noble metal catalyst, and the prepared 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid has a high purity and a high yield.