The invention discloses a synchronous data acquisition system and acquisition method based on LabVIEW and a sound card. The acquisition system comprises a LabVIEW upper-layer controller, the sound card, a loudspeaker, and a sound sensor, the sound card is connected with the LabVIEW upper-layer controller, the loudspeaker, and the sound sensor, the LabVIEW upper-layer controller generates a coding signal, an analog-to-digital converter for controlling the sound card transmits the data in a sound wave manner, the loudspeaker increases the amplitude of the sound wave signal, the sound sensor receives the echo sound signal and attenuates the amplitude to a certain value, and the LabVIEW upper-layer controller controls the analog-to-digital converter of the sound card to read the echo data and display the data after real-time processing. The most critical synchronization control technology is adopted in the data acquisition process to replace an expensive data acquisition device, the cost is low, the operation is simple, the versatility is high, and the acquisition system and acquisition method have wide application prospects in the fields of industrial automation, and test and measurement.