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A composite wetland water cycle simulation method and system based on digital twinning belong to the field of water conservancy informatization and digital twinning technology. In view of the problem of insufficient accuracy caused by ignoring the dynamic change of vegetation and lacking adaptive calibration in traditional wetland water cycle simulation, the method comprises the following steps: constructing a three-dimensional digital base of the wetland and generating an unstructured grid; deploying multispectral sensing equipment to obtain vegetation spectral characteristics, and inversing leaf area index and average vegetation height, and the collection frequency is dynamically triggered by the digital twinning model; establishing a segmented dynamic mapping of the submerged state of vegetation and the resistance of water flow, dynamically calculating the Manning roughness coefficient and the transpiration loss term; substituting into the shallow water equation set to perform water cycle simulation; comparing the simulated water level with the measured water level, and triggering adaptive calibration when the deviation shows statistical consistency, and using the sequential data assimilation algorithm to update the key weight coefficients of the mapping model online. The system corresponds to realize the above steps. The application improves the accuracy and adaptability of composite wetland water level and flow velocity simulation.