The invention provides a rotary type high-accuracy automatic sorting device for internal thread detection of a small-sized revolved body workpiece, and an automatic sorting method adopting the device. The device comprises a loading channel, a first vision detection station, a turnover mechanism, a thread go gauge detection mechanism, a second vision detection mechanism, a thread no-go gauge detection mechanism, a high-accuracy rotary index plate, a discharging mechanism and a base. According to the rotary type high-accuracy automatic sorting device for internal thread detection of the small-sized revolved body workpiece, the equipment adaptability is strong, a user can realize self-defined classification, and multi-station parallel detection for multiple workpieces can be realized, therefore, the detection efficiency is greatly improved.