The invention relates to a biological carbon-based ecological fertilizer. The biological carbon-based ecological fertilizer is prepared from, by weight, 30 to 40 parts of biological carbon, 10 to 30 parts of humic acid, 10 to 20 parts of urea, 5 to 15 parts of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 5 to 15 parts of potassium sulphate, 1 to 5 parts of pyroligneous liquid, and 0.5 to 2 parts of trace element. The biological carbon-based ecological fertilizer is capable of increasing soil organic matter content and soil cation exchange capacity effectively, activating soil, promoting formation of soil aggregate structures, preventing and treating soil salinization, avoiding successive cropping obstacles, improving nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilizing functions, releasing phosphorus, potassium, and trace element immobilized in soil, improving soil fertilizer, water, and soil moisture conservation capacity, reducing fertilizer application amount, reducing grain pollution caused by soil with excess heavy metal, stimulating crop growth, and improving agricultural product quality obviously.