The invention, which belongs to the field of key distribution technology in secret communication, in particular relates to a high-speed security secret key distribution system and method based on chaotic laser coherent keying. The system is composed of an Alice communication side and a Bob communication side. The Alice communication side consists of a first laser device, a first private key module, a first optical switch, a first power meter, a first polarization controller, a first fiber delay line, a second fiber delay line, and a first 1*2 fiber coupler. The Bob communication side includesa second laser device, a second private key module, a second optical switch, a second power meter, a second polarization controller, a third fiber delay line, a fourth fiber delay line, and a second 1*2 A fiber coupler. Besides, the high-speed security secret key distribution system is also composed of a 2*2 fiber coupler, a first attenuator, a second attenuator, a circulator, and a third laser device. The high-speed security secret key distribution system and method have the following beneficial effects: the two communication sides do not need to carry out private key exchanging at a public channel and a chaotic laser signal has no time delay feature, so that the secret key distribution safety is improved and the security secret key distribution rate is increased.