The invention discloses a structured light lighting optical system. The structured light lighting optical system comprises a computer, a synchronous control system, an ultra-high brightness LED excitation light source, a relay lens set, a fly-eye lens array, a middle image plane, a dichroscope, a projection objective, an objective table, a tube mirror, a spike filter and a photoelectric detector. A multi-chip structure of the ultra-high brightness LED excitation light source is controlled by the adoption of the computer to obtain initial strip light, the number of strips is multiplied through the relay lens set and the fly-eye lens array, and the light is imaged on the lighting objective table through the projection objective according to a certain magnification to form structured light lighting. Structured light lighting is achieved by adopting the mode of electrical control over LED chips, the disadvantages, of being high in cost, large in size and low in strip phase shifting speed, caused by the adoption of an optical grating and a spatial light modulator are abandoned, and the structured light lighting optical system can be applied to a rapid real-time three-dimensional imaging research on living body biological cells.