266 results about "Time averaging" patented technology

System and methods for determining an optimized transmit spectra (spectral distributions of transmission power) for a set of communications channels that experience cross-talk among themselves and for transmitting data on the channels. The transmit spectra are preferably constructed so that largely contiguous frequency bands are allocated to each signaling direction (upstream / downstream) on each communications channel and / or to each channel in the set of channels. In one embodiment, each communications channel is restricted to a maximum time-averaged power. The method preferably includes steps of determining the channel transfer functions of the communications channel, determining interference characteristics of the channels, calculating substantially optimal transmit spectra for the communications channels, and redistributing the frequency bins so that they are contiguously grouped in each transmit spectra. The contiguous groupings allow wider frequency bands for signaling in the channel. In one embodiment, the channel is limited by a “peak-power constraint.”

Generalized learning rules may be implemented. A framework may be used to enable adaptive spiking neuron signal processing system to flexibly combine different learning rules (supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement learning) with different methods (online or batch learning). The generalized learning framework may employ time-averaged performance function as the learning measure thereby enabling modular architecture where learning tasks are separated from control tasks, so that changes in one of the modules do not necessitate changes within the other. Separation of learning tasks from the control tasks implementations may allow dynamic reconfiguration of the learning block in response to a task change or learning method change in real time. The generalized spiking neuron learning apparatus may be capable of implementing several learning rules concurrently based on the desired control application and without requiring users to explicitly identify the required learning rule composition for that task.

A software controlled user interface and method for an eye gaze controlled device, designed to accommodate angular accuracy versus time averaging tradeoffs for eye gaze direction sensors. The method can scale between displaying a small to large number of different eye gaze target symbols at any given time, yet still transmit a large array of different symbols to outside devices with minimal user training. At least part of the method may be implemented by way of a virtual window onto the surface of a virtual cylinder, with eye gaze sensitive symbols that can be rotated by eye gaze thus bringing various groups of symbols into view, and then selected by continual gazing. Specific examples of use of this interface and method on an eyeglasses-like head-mountable, vision-controlled, device are disclosed, along with various operation examples including sending and receiving text messages, control of robotic devices and control of remote vehicles.

Systems, methods and computer program products for trading financial instruments are described herein. A first order to buy or sell a financial instrument is received, where the first order includes at least one contingency. The contingency may be price-based and / or volume-based. For example, the contingency can be based on a volume-weighted average price of the security (VWAP); a time-weighed average price of the security (TWAP); a target trading volume of the security as a percentage of total market volume during a specified period (TVOL); or a net asset value (NAV) of the security. The first order is matched with a corresponding second order. For example, a bid for a given security is matched with an offer for the same security. This matching operation also includes ensuring that the contingency(ies) of the first order are compatible with the contingency(ies) of the second order. Thereafter, the contingencies are calculated, and then the first and second orders are executed pursuant to the calculated contingencies.

In a radar system that detects relatively fast moving targets using a radar clutter map comprising a plurality of range-azimuth cells containing parameter data values indicative of time averaged echo returns for affecting alarm threshold levels at range-azimuth locations scanned by the radar system antenna, a method for detecting relatively slow moving targets in a substantially homogeneous surveillance region, the method comprising the steps of obtaining from the radar clutter map a value corresponding to parameter data of a given cell under test (CUT); determining a second parameter data value using parameter data values of other cells from the plurality of range-azimuth cells from the radar clutter map; comparing the parameter data value of the CUT with the second parameter data value; and generating a signal indicative of a target detection when the CUT parameter data value exceeds the second parameter data value by a given threshold corresponding to a target false alarm rate.

In a multi-QOS level queuing structure, packet payload pointers are stored in multiple queues and packet payloads in a common memory pool. Algorithms control the drop probability of packets entering the queuing structure. Instantaneous drop probabilities are obtained by comparing measured instantaneous queue size with calculated minimum and maximum queue sizes. Non-utilized common memory space is allocated simultaneously to all queues. Time averaged drop probabilities follow a traditional Weighted Random Early Discard mechanism. Algorithms are adapted to a multi-level QOS structure, floating point format, and hardware implementation. Packet flow from a router egress queuing structure into a single egress port tributary is controlled by an arbitration algorithm using a rate metering mechanism. The queuing structure is replicated for each egress tributary in the router system.

A software controlled user interface and calibration method for an eye gaze controlled device, designed to accommodate angular accuracy versus time averaging tradeoffs for eye gaze direction sensors. The method can scale between displaying a small to large number of different eye gaze target symbols at any given time, yet still transmit a large array of different symbols to outside devices with minimal user training. At least part of the method may be implemented by way of a virtual window onto the surface of a virtual cylinder, with eye gaze sensitive symbols that can be rotated by eye gaze thus bringing various groups of symbols into view, and then selected by continual gazing. Specific examples of use of this interface and method on an eyeglasses-like head-mountable, vision-controlled, device are disclosed, along with various operation examples including sending and receiving text messages, control of robotic devices and control of remote vehicles.

A spread-spectrum preamble synchronization peak detection system performs multiple statistical tests based on instant and time-averaged channel condition measurements to identify the synchronization peak. In a normalized peak-to-average test, a peak-to-average ratio measurement is normalized by a signal-to-noise ratio measurement to form a new statistical measure which effectively eliminates the impact of the wide dynamic range of the signal-to-noise ratio of the received samples. A transition SNR test is used to eliminate potential false alarms caused by spurious PARN peaks during the transition period at the onset of preamble arrival. Code-phase aligned time-averaging is used to estimate the signal and noise levels over a sliding window. The code-phase alignment of samples effectively separates signal and noise samples in the averaging process, and resulting in more accurate signal and noise measurements. In estimating noise levels, the system takes multi-path interference into account by excluding both the peak signal and the side-lobe signals caused by multi-path wireless channels, resulting in more accurate estimation of noise level.

Packets are periodically transmitted by a plurality of radio beacons deployed at known positions over a location estimation area. Monitoring is conducted for incoming packets. Upon receipt of a packet from a kth one of the beacons, received signal strength, RSSI, is measured at each of the antenna outputs, the packet is decoded to obtain the unique identifier and the unique sequence number, and the received signal strength at each of the antenna outputs is spatially averaged. The measuring, decoding, and spatial averaging are repeated for additional packets from the kth one of the beacons during a pre-defined time window T. The plurality of spatially averaged received signal strengths are temporally averaged over the pre-defined time window T, to obtain a spatially and temporally averaged value of received signal strength. The distance dk from the apparatus to the kth one of the beacons is approximated based on the spatially and temporally averaged value of received signal strength. The approximate distance dk is designated as {circumflex over (d)}k. This is repeated for the K beacons that have successfully transmitted packet(s) during the pre-defined time window, k=1 to K. The location of the object is estimated as an approximate intersection of spheres with radii {circumflex over (d)}k. Each sphere is centered at the known position of the kth one of the beacons.

A method and apparatus for sensing a resistive state of a resistive memory element includes producing a first current related to a resistance of a memory cell. The first current is added to a second current during a first sensing time and subtracted from a third current during a second sensing time. The first, second and third currents are integrated over time using a capacitor, and a resulting voltage signal on the capacitor is timed using a clocked counter. A time average value of a digital output of the clocked counter is then related to the resistance of the memory cell, and hence to the resistive state of the resistive memory element.

A semiconductor image sensor is provided that includes an on-chip temperature-sensitive element. The signal output of the temperature-sensitive element is used to determine a black level value for the image sensor and to calculate a color correction value to be applied to the signal output of the semiconductor image sensor. The signal output of the temperature-sensitive element may be determined by time-averaging a series of signal outputs from the temperature-sensitive element. The temperature-sensitive element signal output may also be determined by combining, e.g., averaging, the signal outputs of a plurality of on-chip temperature-sensitive elements.

Apparatus and method for data sensing circuitry that uses averaging to sense small differences in signal levels representing data states. The apparatus periodically switches the coupling of input terminals and output terminals of an integrator circuit from a first configuration to a second configuration, where the second configuration changes the polarity of the integrator circuit from the first configuration. The output signals of the integrator circuit are periodically compared, and based on the comparison, output signals having a voltage representative of a value are generated. The values of the output signals are then averaged over time to determine the data state.

A computer application program executing on a computer, such as a portable computer, is selected for termination by first identifying computer application programs executing on the computer. A priority value is assigned to each of the identified computer applications. The priority value is based on multiple characteristics of the identified computer application programs. The computer application program with the smallest priority value is automatically terminated. If the computer application program with the smallest priority value is in a modal state in which it waits for a response from a user, then a default response is provided to the application prior to terminating the computer application program. The characteristics associated with the computer application programs may include average launch times, average memory usages, a class or type of application, frequencies of usage, and an amount of data stored on the computer by the computer application program.

The invention discloses an indoor positioning method based on WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) fingerprints. The method comprises the steps of continuously acquiring RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) values of WiFi signals within a certain period of time for each known position point in a place to be positioned, preprocessing the acquired data, counting times num that each AP (Access Point) occurs in the signal sequence of a certain position point, deleting AP signal data with num which is smaller than half of the total length of the sequence, calculating the average value mu and the standard deviation delta of the preprocessed data, and storing the average value mu and the standard deviation delta in a database; and acquiring the RSSI values of the WiFi signals at a point to be positioned, uploading the RSSI values to a sever, matching the acquired data of the point to be positioned with values in the database by adopting a multilevel probability algorithm to obtain W position estimation values with the maximum probability and performing time averaging to obtain the position estimation of the point to be measured. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the positioning accuracy is guaranteed, the operability and the practicability of the system are improved, and the goal of accurate positioning at distance of 3m can be achieved.

An audio device (200) includes a first and second ICs (210) and (250) and a substrate (205). The first IC includes a sigma-delta, A / D converter (218) operable to convert an analog signal (234) into a pulse density modulated signal (236). A pulse density width modulator encoder (222) is operable to encode the PDM signal into a PDWM signal (244). The PDWM has short and long pulse widths defining first and second bit levels. The leading edges of each pulse bounds each pulse period. The second IC (250) includes a means (254) to receive the PDWM signal, an edge detector (304) operable to detect the leading pulse edges of the PDWM signal, a time-averaging circuit (308) operable to calculate each pulse period from the leading pulse edges and to generate a sample pulse (120) at near the midpoint of each pulse period, and a latch (312) operable to sample and hold the PDWM signal at the sample pulse to decode a PDM signal (278). The substrate is operable to support the first and second ICs and to conduct the PDWM signal between the first and second ICs.

Methods and apparatus are provided for visual background subtraction using one or more preprocessing modules. One or more effects are detected in a received image signal and one or more blocks are selectively enabled to preprocess the image signal to compensate for the detected one or more effects. Visual analysis is then performed on the preprocessed signal using background subtraction. A spatially-variant temporal smoothing of the image signal is also disclosed. The spatially-variant temporal smoothing can be achieved by the mixing of a new intensity value with a previous intensity time-average as determined by a weighting matrix. The mixing can be influenced by a dynamic bias term that is a real-time estimate of a variance at the pixel, such as a degree of change, and the weighting can be determined by a relative stability of an observed value compared to a stability of the time-average.

Apparatus and method for data sensing circuitry that uses averaging to sense small differences in signal levels representing data states. The apparatus periodically switches the coupling of input terminals and output terminals of an integrator circuit from a first configuration to a second configuration, where the second configuration changes the polarity of the integrator circuit from the first configuration. The output signals of the integrator circuit are periodically compared, and based on the comparison, output signals having a voltage representative of a value are generated. The values of the output signals are then averaged over time to determine the data state.

Apparatus and method for data sensing circuitry that uses averaging to sense small differences in signal levels representing data states. The apparatus periodically switches the coupling of input terminals and output terminals of an integrator circuit from a first configuration to a second configuration, where the second configuration changes the polarity of the integrator circuit from the first configuration. The output signals of the integrator circuit are periodically compared, and based on the comparison, output signals having a voltage representative of a value are generated. The values of the output signals are then averaged over time to determine the data state.

Binarization is performed using a threshold image obtained by multiplying a variation in each pixel value of an input image with a coefficient. Although the variation is time-averaged based on an update coefficient for each pixel, the update coefficient is switched depending on whether or not a relevant pixel belongs to the object. Subsequently, from the binary image, an initial detection zone is formed and a spatial filtering process is performed thereto. The spatial filtering process includes at least one of skeleton analysis processing, object mask processing, morphology processing, and section analysis processing. For a tracking zone, the temporal positional change thereof is tracked, and the noise is reduced. Some of the tracking zones are removed, and the remaining zones are integrated into a cluster, and furthermore the cluster selection is performed based on the dimensions in real space.

An optical receiver demodulates optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexed signals and generates a number of subcarrier reference signals, each for demodulating a frequency channel of the frequency division multiplexed signals. It compensates for degradations in the generated reference signals by averaging a number of estimates derived from different inputs to make the references more resilient to degradations. It can encompass time averaging to compensate for amplification noise, and frequency averaging of phase drift estimation to compensate for phase drift caused by reduced source coherence. It can enable longer system reach and / or increased optical power margins by means of better system resilience to amplification noise and reduced source coherence. The bit error rate can be reduced, and / or the capacity can be increased by increasing bit rate or introducing more frequency channels.

A cyclic time averaging method is directed at processing time-domain vibration data of the machine to produce an averaged time waveform over a selected cyclic time period. It is not necessary to employ a triggering signal to obtain the averaged time waveform.

A target object detection apparatus periodically executes a transmit / receive operation to transmit radar waves and obtain received signals from resultant incident reflected waves from respective target objects. An individual correlation matrix of received signal values is derived for each one of a fixed plurality of successive transmit / receive operations, with the transmission frequency being changed at successive operations. Individual correlation matrices derived from respective transmit / receive operations are time-averaged to obtain an average correlation matrix for use in obtaining target object information such as direction or velocity, with effects of correlation between respective incident waves being suppressed.

The invention discloses a large-size measuring experimental apparatus for air flow in a cabin based on PIV. The apparatus comprises a large-power dipulse laser system, a particle image shooting system, a synchronizing controller, a tracer particle fog generator and a computer. In the process of measurement, a light sheet lens assembly is used to adjust the waist of a laser light sheet to allow the waist to be located in a measurement subregion; and a camera guide rail is used to control the measurement position of a high-resolution CCD camera. Tracer particle fog is released into a measurement cabin model; the synchronising controller is used to regulate and control the large-power dipulse laser system and the high-resolution CCD camera so as to obtain a double-frame tracer particle image at every moment; computer analysis software is used for self-adaption cross-correlation processing of the image so as to obtain information about an instantaneous flow field at every moment; time averaging is carried out on the instantaneous flow field at every moment so as to obtain a time-averaged flow field; and the time-averaged flow fields in all the measurement subregions are spliced together so as to obtain integral high-resolution time-averaged flow field data of a large-size cross section in the cabin, and the data is used for flow field characteristic analysis and verification of numerical calculation results.

A method of recording sound for reproduction by a plurality of loudspeakers, or for processing sound for reproduction by a plurality of loudspeakers, is described in which some of the reproduced sound appears to a listener to emmanate from a virtual source which is spaced from the loudspeakers. A filter means (H) is used either in creating the recording, or in processing the recorded signals for supply to loudspeakers, the filter means (H) being created in a filter design step in which: a) a technique is employed to minimise error between the signals (w) reproduced at the intended position of a listener on playing the recording through the loudspeakers, and desired signals (d) at the intended position, wherein: b) said desired signals (d) to be produced at the listener are defined by signals (or an estimate of the signals) that would be produced at the ears of (or in the region of) the listener in said intended position by a source at the desired position of the virtual source. A least squares technique may be employed to minimise the time averaged error between signal reproduced at the intended position of a listener and the desired signal, or it may be applied to the frequency domain.

The invention relates to a resource allocation method for a low-delay high-reliability service in mobile edge computing, and belongs to the technical field of mobile communication. According to the method, in a multi-MEC multi-user environment, a user task queue model and an MEC task queue model are described respectively, a theoretical model of mobile service provider network utility maximizationis established with the task queue overflow probability as the constraint, and joint allocation is performed on power resources, bandwidth resources and computing resources. Considering that a constraint condition in the optimization model comprises a limit constraint of a task queue overflow probability; a random optimization problem of time averaging is converted and decomposed into three sub-problems of single-time-slot solving through a Lyapunov optimization theory, including calculation resource allocation of users, bandwidth and power allocation and calculation resource allocation of MEC, and then the three sub-problems are solved respectively. According to the method, the average total income of the MSP is improved while the requirements of users for low time delay and high reliability are met.

A method of measuring a height of a fuel surface of fuel in an aircraft fuel tank. One or more images of the fuel surface are captured, each image including a fuel surface line where the fuel surface meets a structure. Each image is analysed in order to determine a height of the fuel surface line at three or more points in the image. If the fuel surface line is not a straight line, then an average angle of the fuel surface line can be determined from the points in the image by spatial averaging. Preferably a series of images of the fuel surface are captured over a time period, and an average height of the fuel surface is determined from the series of images by time averaging. The height of the fuel surface line(s) at three or more points is used to determine a volume of the fuel, a mass of the fuel, and / or an attitude of the fuel surface.

In a radar system using a radar clutter map comprising a plurality of range-azimuth cells containing parameter data values indicative of time averaged echo returns for affecting alarm threshold levels at range-azimuth locations scanned by the radar system antenna, a method for detecting comprising the steps of obtaining from the radar clutter map a first parameter data value associated with a given cell under test (CUT); determining a second parameter data value using parameter data values of other cells from the plurality of range-azimuth cells from the radar clutter map; comparing the first parameter data value associated with the CUT with the second parameter data value; and generating a signal indicative of a target detection when the first parameter data value exceeds the second parameter data value by a given threshold corresponding to a target false alarm rate.

A target object detection apparatus periodically executes a transmit / receive operation to transmit radar waves and obtain received signals from resultant incident reflected waves from respective target objects. An individual correlation matrix of received signal values is derived for each one of a fixed plurality of successive transmit / receive operations, with the transmission frequency being changed at successive operations. Individual correlation matrices derived from respective transmit / receive operations are time-averaged to obtain an average correlation matrix for use in obtaining target object information such as direction or velocity, with effects of correlation between respective incident waves being suppressed.