Provided are a wavefront coding imaging system and a super-resolution processing method based on single image amplification. The wavefront coding imaging system comprises a wavefront coding imaging lens, 1/3 inch image detector, and a decoding processing unit. The wavefront coding imaging lens comprises a first lens, a phase mask plate, a second lens, and a third lens. The first lens, the phase mask plate, the second lens, and the third lens, the 1/3 inch image detector, and the decoding processing unit are arranged on a same optical path in sequence. The curvature radius, X-direction light-passing semi-aperture, Y-direction light-passing semi-aperture of the front surfaces and rear surfaces of the first lens, the phase mask plate, the second lens, and the third lens are different from parameters in the prior art. The invention provides the wavefront coding imaging system which can realize super-large focal depth clear imaging on the premise of not changing hardware conditions of an image sensor, and can obtain super-resolution reconstructed images corresponding to a detector with smaller physical pixel size, and provides a super-resolution processing method based on single image amplification.