The invention discloses a GIS vector data decryption and recovery method based on Chebyshev polynomial. The method includes: (1), generating a secret key: determining a control point and disturbance quantity thereof, generating a sample point, calculating errors during decryption, determining decryption model parameters and encrypting and storing the secret key; (2), decrypting: decoding and reading a secret key file, opening original vector data, traversing elements and acquiring original coordinates, normalizing the coordinates and decrypting, and storing decrypted data; (3), recovering: decoding and reading the secret key file, opening the decrypted data, building a recovery model, recovering the decrypted data and storing recovered data. The method is high in attack resistance, the decrypted data can be recovered by utilizing the secret key, and topological relation is maintained good; the data are smooth in overall deformation and random in local disturbance, and a powerful safetyguarantee can be provided for application of vector GIS data in the aspects of sharing, transmission and storage.