The invention discloses a physiological signal detecting system based on a continuous wave Doppler radar. The physiological signal detecting system comprises a Doppler radar sensor, a power supply module, a signal preprocessing module, a differential amplifier, an active band-pass filter, a breath and heartbeat signal separation module and an MCU module, wherein the Doppler radar sensor is used for transmitting continuous wave radar signals to a human chest and receiving echo signals, processing the echo signals to output low-frequency signals which reflect human respiration and heartbeat change, conducting signal processing on the low frequency signals through the signal preprocessing module, the differential amplifier, the active band-pass filter, the breath and heartbeat signal separation module and the MCU module, and acquiring human breath signals and human heartbeat signals. Through the adoption of the technical scheme, the Doppler radar sensor works in a continuous wave mode and a multistage filter circuit is correspondingly designed, so that the non-contact detection of the human physiological signals can be realized, and the restriction and discomfort feeling of traditional contact type detection equipment to a patient can be avoided.