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The invention discloses a dispersion compensation method for a broadband light source. A polarization-preserving fiber polarization coupling testing system based on a Michelson interferometer is formed by the broadband light source, and the Michelson interferometer compensates the optical path difference between an excitation mode and a coupling mode in the polarization-preserving fiber, and a detector acquires an interference signal; specifically, the method comprises the following steps of: intercepting the initial data acquired by the detector through a window function, and taking out the interference data Imain between the excitation modes and the interference data Icoupling between the excitation mode and the coupling mode; respectively executing Hilbert transformation and Gaussian fitting on the Imain and the Icoupling, obtaining envelopes (I)main and (I)coupling of the interference signal, getting a birefringence dispersion coefficient Delta D according to a ratio Eta of the width of the (I)main to the width of the (I)coupling at a 1 / e part, obtaining a phase factor needed for the dispersion compensation, and then multiplying the phase factor by a nonlinear frequency spectrum function with dispersion information to eliminate nonlinear phase items causing the widening of the interference signal envelopes; and finally, obtaining the dispersion compensated interference signal Icomp by executing Fourier inversion on the obtained linear frequency spectrum function.