The invention relates to a gear wheel and rack coupled hydraulic multi-cylinder reciprocating pump, which consists of a hydraulic oil cylinder, a coupling, a cylinder sleeve of a working hydraulic cylinder, a piston, a piston rod, a gear wheel, a suction valve, a discharge valve, a hydraulic directional control valve, a hydraulic oil pump, an electric motor, and the like which are assembled and connected. The piston rod is provided with a rack; the hydraulic oil cylinder and the piston rod are arranged parallelly; the gear wheel is engaged with racks on the two piston rods simultaneously; and the two piston rods are arranged according to the movement phase difference of 180 degrees. Two hydraulic oil cylinders and two working hydraulic cylinders form a basic unit, and for the two hydraulic oil cylinders in the basic unit, oil can be provided to both non-rod chambers and rod chambers, and can be only provided to the non-rod chambers of the oil cylinders. The invention can be combined into a multi-cylinder reciprocating pump with two cylinders, four cylinders, six cylinders, and more even cylinders. The hydraulic multi-cylinder reciprocating pump has the advantages of high systematic efficiency, long stroke, low stroke frequency, large displacement, high pump pressure, long service life of wearing parts, small fluctuation of the displacement and the pump pressure, good suction performance, and simple and convenient maintenance.