The invention discloses a black and odorous water treatment system based on a constructed wetland. The black and odorous water treatment system includes a coagulative precipitation pool, a water inletarea, a constructed wetland pool, a water collection channel and monitoring equipment; the coagulative precipitation pool is communicated with the water inlet area, the water inlet area is communicated with the constructed wetland pool, the constructed wetland pool is communicated with the water collection channel, and the water inlet of the monitoring equipment is communicated with the constructed wetland pool; a filter medium and aquatic vascular plants are arranged inside the constructed wetland pool, wherein the aquatic vascular plants are located on the filter medium; the filter mediumis prepared from, by weight, 10-20 parts of gravel, 5-15 parts of coarse sand, 15-30 parts of limestone, 10-15 parts of zeolite and 40-50 parts of ceramic granules. By adopting the black and odorous water treatment system based on the constructed wetland, nitrogen and phosphorus in a water body are absorbed, the adsorption performance is high, the treating performance of the constructed wetland isensured, the COD removal rate reaches 70%, the TN removal rate reaches 60%, the TP removal rate reaches 50%, the content of dissolved oxygen is greater than 4 gm/L, and index parameters are monitoredonline.