The present invention relates to a method for controlling residual ferrite and martensite slab structure in a 9Cr-ODS steel. The method comprises: mixing pre-alloyed powder and nano-scale Y2O3 according to a mass ratio of 99.65:0.35, wherein the pre-alloyed powder comprises, by mass, 1 part of Fe, 9 parts of Cr, 1.5 parts of W, 0.2 part of V, 0.07 part of Ta, and 0.1 part of C; carrying out mechanical ball milling in a ball mill, heating to a temperature of 800 DEG C by using discharging plasma sintering, carrying out thermal insulation for 5-10 min, continuously heating to a temperature of 1100 DEG C, and carrying out thermal insulation for 10-15 min to obtain a 9Cr-ODS martensite steel having a molding compactness of more than 99%; and carrying out heat treatment on the sintering-state 9Cr-ODS martensite steel, heating to a temperature of 1100 DEG C at a heating rate of 10-40 DEG C/min, carrying out thermal insulation, and cooling to a room temperature. According to the present invention, with the method, the content of the residual ferrite in the 9Cr-ODS martensite steel is effectively controlled, and the ultrafine nano-scale martensite slab can be obtained during the cooling process.