The invention discloses a mobile robot path planning method based on an improved ant colony algorithm. The method comprises the steps: resetting an initial pheromone concentration, improving a heuristic function, and updating the pheromone concentration, wherein the resetting initial pheromone concentration is the setting of different pheromone concentrations for each grid; adding an A* algorithm valuation function and a corner constraint factor into the heuristic function, using the A* valuation function for searching for a global optimal solution, and meanwhile using the corner constraint factor for angle constraint; and in the pheromone updating part of the ant colony algorithm, adding a distribution principle of a wolf pack algorithm, using the principle to distribute pheromones, and meanwhile, using a maximum-minimum principle in an MMAS algorithm to limit the pheromone concentration. According to the method, the global search capability of the algorithm can be enhanced, a path length is shortened, a smoother moving track is planned for a mobile robot, the method is not limited to the fields of computers and artificial intelligence, and the method is also suitable for similar problems in the fields of traffic, logistics, management and the like.