The invention discloses an excited Brillouin scattering gain spectrum measuring method which comprises the steps of (1) conducting beam splitting on a beam of continuous laser generated by a laser device to obtain two beams of lasers, using one beam of laser as pumping light to be injected into a medium to be measured, enabling the excited Brillouin scattering effect to be generated in the medium to be measured, generating Stokes light which is opposite to the injected pumping light in transmission direction, using the other beam of laser as a light carrier to be modulated through an electrooptical modulator with loaded periodic electrical signals, and obtaining reference light, and (2) simultaneously inputting the reference light and the stokes light in a photoelectric detector, obtaining the light current through heterodyne detection, and using an electron spectrometer to process the light current to obtain an excited Brillouin scattering gain spectrum. By means of the excited Brillouin scattering gain spectrum measuring method, the bandwidth requirements of using equipment such as the modulator, the detector and the electron spectrometer can be reduced, and measurement on characteristics such as line types and the bandwidth of the excited Brillouin scattering gain spectrum is easily and stably achieved.