The present disclosure provides methods for reducing sequencing errors comprising one or any combination of: (i) removing deaminated bases in any
nucleic acid molecule throughout a
library preparation
workflow which includes immobilised splints which bind to the
library, the use of a compaction
oligonucleotide, optionally with an
intervening sequence, formation of closed circular nucleic acids, creating gaps using glycosylase and
lyase activities at positions with deaminated bases. The
library may be sequenced using pairwise sequencing, e.g. with dark sequencing and / or sequencing using a multivalent labelled probe for the formation of an
avidity molecule and soluble primer and
polymerase. Method for sequencing concatemers in which the concatermers are contacted with polymerases, soluble primers and a multivalent labelled molecule which forms a complex with the
polymerase. Detecting
polymerase position and
nucleobase bound to the polymerase in the complex. These methods generate higher quality base calls during downstream sequencing workflows.