The invention relates to methods, compositions, and kits for treating a condition with an immune response modifier and a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Conditions treatable with the methods, kits and compositions include but are not limited to neoplasia, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, high-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, dysplasia, anal dysplasia, dysplastic lesion, high-grade dysplastic lesion, condyloma, anal cancer, anal tumor, HPV infection, and any HPV-induced condition.