The invention provides a method and a device for controlling an induced draft temperature of a grate cooler of a cement afterheat generation system. The method comprises the step of controlling afterheat using air valve opening, the afterwind valve opening, a rotating speed of a first main transmission shaft and a rotating speed of a second main transmission shaft in the grate cooler by using a controller. The device comprises the grate cooler, a first drive mechanism and a second drive mechanism which are connected with the grate cooler, an afterheat using mechanism and an afterwind emission mechanism, wherein the grate cooler, the afterheat using mechanism and the afterwind emission mechanism are arranged on the grate cooler. The grate cooler is provided with at least two stock level detectors; the first drive mechanism, the second drive mechanism, the afterheat using mechanism, the afterwind emission mechanism and the stock level detectors detector are respectively connected with the controller; and the controller is provided with a signal input end, a signal analysis processing unit and a signal output end, which are sequentially connected. The control device can effectively reduce the fluctuation of the induced draft temperature of grate cooler afterheat, and the induced draft temperature is ensured to keep within a certain range, so that the induced draft temperature of the cement afterheat generating system is maintained at a higher level.