The invention discloses a blockchain-based medical electronic medical record distributed management system and a construction method thereof. According to the blockchain-based medical electronic medical record distributed management system and the construction method thereof, the diagnosis processes of patients, such as medical records and prescriptions, are written into a blockchain in the form of smart contracts, so that a relevant hospital does not need to rely on a centralized server to manage the medical record information of the patients, and single-point failures common to the centralized server can be avoided; the data stored in the blockchain cannot be tempered and are traceable, and therefore, illegal tampering can be prevented; and a series of information such as the physical health, medical histories, and personal data of the patients, which concern personal privacy, can be effectively protected through an ABE encryption algorithm. With the system and method of the invention adopted, data loss caused by the single-point failures can be avoided, system maintenance cost can be decreased, and a condition that the diagnosis records of the patients are falsified during medical disputes can be avoided.