The invention discloses a back pressure type steam turbine rapid starting method based on cold end optimization. The back pressure type steam turbine comprises a negative pressure cold end system, thenegative pressure cold end system comprises a back pressure machine and a cooling water main pipe, one side of an output end of the back pressure machine is connected with a body hydrophobic expansion container, and the other end of the output end of the back pressure machine is connected with a steam condenser. The steam condenser is connected with a condensate pump and a steam-jetting steam extractor, and an outlet of the steam-jetting stream extractor is connected with a condenser. When back pressure type steam turbine is used, the heating speed of a steam cylinder can be increased, the temperature difference between an upper and lower cylinders of the steam turbine is reduced, the risk of dynamic and static collision grinding and large shaft bending is reduced, the steam turbine is safer and more stable, the safety of a power plant is improved, meanwhile, emission of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and the like can be reduced, the steam exhaust and hydrophobic heatof the back pressure machine is recycled, meanwhile, the outward steam supply amount of the power plant is increased, and the economical efficiency of the power plant is improved. The method is suitable for starting processes of various back-pressure steam turbines and is suitable for popularization and use.