The invention discloses a train operation control system based on a space-air-vehicle-ground integration network. The train operation control system comprises an aircraft, a satellite, a wireless communication base station, vehicle-mounted equipment, trackside equipment and a dispatching center, wherein the aircraft is used for achieving train speed measurement, train location, line or turnout condition monitoring and a communication function; the satellite is used for achieving train speed measurement, train location and a communication function; the wireless communication base station is used for achieving a communication function; the vehicle-mounted equipment is used for achieving train speed measurement and train location, train control and a communication function; the trackside equipment is used for achieving train speed measurement, train location, line or turnout condition monitoring and turnout control; the dispatching center is used for achieving line or turnout resource dispatch and trackside equipment control. By means of the space-air-vehicle-ground integration network, dynamic adjustment of transport capacity of low-transport-capacity rails is achieved, and the requirement for high transport capacity in a special period is met. In addition, the train operation control system can operate according to an ordinary train operation control system in a normal period, the cost is reduced, and the train safety is guaranteed through redundancy design.