125 results about "Optical efficiency" patented technology

The invention discloses a diffractive optical waveguide and a preparation method thereof, and a head-mounted display device, and relates to the technical field of augmented reality, and the preparation method of the diffractive optical waveguide comprises the steps: obtaining a target eye box range adaptive to a target crowd; according to the human eye parameters of each user group in the target group, splitting the target eye box range to obtain sub-eye box ranges adapted to each user group; diffractive optical waveguides adapted to the user groups are prepared based on the sub-eye box ranges, and the area of a coupled-out grating in each diffractive optical waveguide is smaller than the area of a coupled-out grating of an optical waveguide designed for covering the target eye box range. The optical efficiency and uniformity of the diffractive optical waveguide can be ensured, and the diffractive optical waveguide is prevented from generating obvious rainbow lines, so that the use experience of a user is improved.

The invention discloses an imaging type optical system for a high-intensity magnetic field Fourier infrared spectrum device, which comprises a solenoid superconducting magnet tubular sample cavity for the high-intensity magnetic field Fourier infrared spectrum device, and a non-magnetic damping sleeve arranged in the solenoid superconducting magnet tubular sample cavity, a non-magnetic mirror surface gold-plated optical waveguide is arranged at the upper part in the non-magnetic damping sleeve, a Faraday optical module is arranged at the lower part in the non-magnetic damping sleeve, and an adjustable sample bearing table and a low-temperature thermometer and magnetometer assembly are arranged below the non-magnetic mirror surface gold-plated optical waveguide; the non-magnetic mirror surface gold-plated optical waveguide comprises a light-in waveguide and a light-out waveguide, and the Faraday optical module integrates a switchable reflection module and a transmission module which are respectively adapted to different strong magnetic field Fourier infrared spectrum measurement requirements. The optical efficiency of the high-intensity magnetic field Fourier infrared spectrum device is improved, the problems of high optical loss and scattering interference of a traditional device are solved, and the signal-to-noise ratio is increased.

The invention relates to a bottom alignment grating preparation method and a bottom alignment grating, and the bottom alignment grating preparation method comprises the steps: depositing a grating material on a light-transmitting substrate, so as to form a grating material layer on the light-transmitting substrate; etching the grating material layer to form a plurality of grating areas with different heights on the grating material layer; and respectively etching each grating area to the light-transmitting substrate to form a plurality of groups of gratings with different heights so as to obtain a bottom-aligned grating. The partition structure of each grating area of the bottom-aligned grating is bottom-aligned, so that the optical efficiency of an optical device can be improved, and an optical film interference effect caused by a residual film is reduced. The bottom alignment grating can be prepared through the preparation method of the bottom alignment grating provided by the invention.

A head-up display (HUD) and its image generating apparatus are disclosed. The image generating apparatus includes a light source module, an illumination element, and a light modulation module. The light source module provides a first color beam and a second color beam at different times. The illumination element homogenizes the first color beam and the second color beam to form a first color illumination beam and a second color illumination beam, which are then transmitted to the light modulation module. A first gap distance exists between the light modulation module and the illumination element, and the light modulation module includes a plurality of pixel units arranged in an array. Each of these pixel units can be in an on or off state and receives the first color illumination beam and the second color illumination beam at different times to convert the first color illumination beam or the second color illumination beam into an image beam. The image generating apparatus of the present invention can reduce the risk of overheating and improve optical efficiency.

The invention discloses a vehicle lamp assembly and a vehicle. The vehicle lamp assembly comprises a low beam module and a high beam module. The low beam module comprises a first light guide part, a second light guide part and a third light guide part. The first light guide component is provided with a first incident surface and a reflecting surface; the second light guide component is provided with a first emergent surface; the reflecting surface is arranged in the light emitting direction of the first light incident surface, the first light emitting surface is arranged in the light emitting direction of the reflecting surface, and the reflecting surface is a paraboloid or an ellipsoid; the high beam module comprises a fourth light guide component. According to the optical module, the reflecting surface is arranged on the first light guide part, the first light guide part is a transparent part, the physical loss of light is reduced, the light is transmitted in the first light guide part, the reflectivity of the reflecting surface is high, and the optical efficiency of the optical module is improved; the first light guide component and the second light guide component are integrally arranged, so that the light is prevented from being subjected to medium transformation in the propagation process, the light is always propagated in the same medium, and the optical efficiency of the optical module is improved.

The invention discloses a heliostat field layout optimization method and device, a medium and a product, and relates to the field of photo-thermal power generation. The method comprises the following steps of: discretizing a solar cone into a plurality of light rays, simulating a propagation path of the light rays in a heliostat field by adopting a Monte Carlo ray tracing method, and further calculating shadow shielding efficiency and heat collector cutoff efficiency; calculating the comprehensive optical efficiency of the single-sided heliostats in the heliostat field according to the shadow shielding efficiency and the heat collector cut-off efficiency, and further calculating the annual average optical efficiency and the annual average output heat power of the heliostat field; the annual average optical efficiency and the annual average output thermal power are used as objective functions of a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, heliostat field layout is optimized, and a Pareto optimal solution set is obtained; and a weighted maximum satisfaction method is adopted to make a decision, and an optimal layout scheme of the heliostat field is selected from the Pareto optimal solution set. By improving the accuracy of optical efficiency calculation in the heliostat field layout optimization process, the energy efficiency of the heliostat field is maximized.

The invention discloses a system for eliminating ghosting head-up display based on a polarization body holographic optical waveguide. The system comprises a high-selectivity P light reflecting film, a circular polarizer, a polarization body holographic optical waveguide structure, a projection image source and head-up display windshield glass, a high-selectivity P light reflecting film is arranged in the head-up display windshield glass; the emergent light of the projection image source enters the in-coupling grating of the polarization body holographic optical waveguide structure and enters the circular polarizer through the out-coupling grating of the polarization body holographic optical waveguide structure, and the emergent light of the circular polarizer is reflected by the high-selectivity P light reflecting film in the head-up display windshield glass. The method and thought are provided for existing diffraction optical waveguide type head-up display and image quality optimization design thereof, the imaging quality is improved, the process complexity is reduced under the condition that the size advantage of the diffraction optical waveguide is expanded, an optical system with optical efficiency and low ghosting phenomenon is expected to be achieved, and technical support is provided for development of near-to-eye display equipment.

An optical system is provided. The optical system includes a light emitting diode that generates light emissions. The optical system includes a collimator that receives the light emissions and that generates a collimated beam. The optical system includes an etendue re-shaper that splits the collimated beam into beam parts and that arranges the beam parts adjacent to each other to generate an adjacent beam part arrangement. The optical system includes micro-lens arrays that receive the adjacent beam part arrangement and that generate beams. Each of the beams includes an optimum optical efficiency or a far field intensity distribution.

The invention relates to the field of optical display and material engineering, in particular to an optical film with a 3D light splitting function and a manufacturing method of the optical film. An optical film with a 3D light splitting function comprises a transparent optical base material and a microstructure layer integrally formed with the surface of the transparent optical base material, the microstructure layer comprises a cylindrical lens grating layer and a parallax barrier layer, and the cylindrical lens grating layer is integrally formed on the surface of the transparent optical base material. The cylindrical lens grating layer is of a micro-nano structure formed by a nano-scale grating and a micron-scale cylindrical micro-lens array; the parallax barrier layer is located on the side, away from the transparent optical base material, of the cylindrical lens grating layer. The optical film has excellent optical efficiency, wider visual angle, excellent brightness uniformity and excellent moire inhibition capability, has 2D / 3D switching, peep-proof and other functions, can adapt to light requirements of different scenes, can serve as a core display optical element to be directly integrated in various display devices, and has wide application prospects. And the application limitation of an externally-pasted protective film is broken.

The embodiment of the invention discloses a signal lamp and a light control system. The signal lamp comprises a bowl-shaped reflecting cover, the bowl-shaped reflecting cover comprises n reflecting areas, and the focal positions of the reflecting areas are not overlapped; the n light sources are arranged at the focal positions of the light reflecting areas in a one-to-one correspondence manner; wherein n is an integer greater than or equal to 2. According to the embodiment of the invention, the bowl-shaped reflecting cover is divided into a plurality of reflecting areas with non-overlapped focuses, and the corresponding light sources are arranged at the focus positions of the reflecting areas in a matched manner, so that the problems of low optical efficiency and poor lighting uniformity caused by out-of-focus arrangement of the light sources of the existing multifunctional signal lamp are solved.

The present application relates to a kind of methods for eliminating the speckle of computer holography using phase probability control optimization algorithm, the key parameters of computer holographic image, the key parameters of computer holographic image include root mean square error of computer holographic image, standard deviation and optical efficiency, update cost function;Update mask phase, based on mask phase, use Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integral to calculate the diffraction from input surface to target surface, determine whether the holographic image of output surface contains speckle;If it contains speckle, the next iteration is carried out, and finally the holographic image without speckle is obtained.The present application can effectively eliminate the inherent speckle existing in computer holographic imaging, design and process the phase device for eliminating speckle using the proposed holographic optimization algorithm, and use it for holographic lithography, expand the practical application scenarios of computer holography technology.

This application provides an optical waveguide and a near-eye display device. The optical waveguide includes a waveguide substrate, a coupling region, a coupling out region, and a range extender layer. The waveguide substrate includes a first surface and a second surface facing each other. The coupling region is formed on the first surface of the waveguide substrate for coupling incident light into the waveguide substrate. The coupling out region is formed on either the first or second surface of the waveguide substrate and couples out light propagating in the waveguide substrate. The range extender layer is disposed on the second surface of the waveguide substrate. The refractive index of the range extender layer is greater than that of air and less than that of the waveguide substrate. The range extender layer is used to reflect light incident from the waveguide substrate into the range extender layer, and the incident point of the reflected light on the first surface is located outside the coupling region. This application can prevent light coupled into the optical waveguide from re-entering the coupling region, thereby improving the optical efficiency of the optical waveguide and reducing the manufacturing cost and weight of the optical waveguide.

The present application relates to a signal lamp. Disclosed is a light guide plate, comprising a light guide plate main body. Two side surfaces, i.e. front and rear side surfaces, of the light guide plate main body in the thickness direction are respectively a first side surface and a second side surface; one of the first side surface and the second side surface is provided with a light-incoming part, and the other one thereof is partially recessed inwards to form a recessed part, the recessed part and the light-incoming part being arranged corresponding to each other, and a wall surface of the recessed part being configured as a first reflective surface; one of the first side surface and the second side surface is provided with a first light-emitting surface and a second light-emitting surface, and the other one thereof is provided with a second reflective surface and a third reflective surface, the second light-emitting surface being arranged on the outer side of the first light-emitting surface; light entering from the light-incoming part is partially reflected by the second reflective surface and then emitted from the first light-emitting surface to form a first pattern, and is partially reflected by the third reflective surface and then emitted from the second light-emitting surface to form a second pattern. In addition, the present application further provides a signal lamp and a vehicle. The light guide plate can evenly distribute light to improve optical efficiency, and has low costs.

The utility model provides a projection lens. The projection lens comprises a first lens, a second lens, a beam splitter prism, a plane lens, a reflection lens, a third lens and a modulation chip which are sequentially arranged from an object side to an image side, wherein the beam splitter prism is used for receiving and guiding light source light and image light; the first lens and the second lens are arranged on the first side surface of the beam splitter prism and are used for receiving and projecting image light emitted from the beam splitter prism; the plane lens and the reflecting lens are arranged on the second side surface of the beam splitter prism; the third lens and the modulation chip are arranged on the third side face of the beam splitter prism, and the modulation chip is used for receiving the light source light, modulating the light source light into image light and then emitting the image light to the reflection lens. The projection lens meets the condition that FOV / FNO is larger than 15.7, FOV is the maximum field angle of the projection lens, and FNO is the relative aperture F number of the projection lens. The projection lens provided by the utility model is beneficial to meeting the field angle requirement and the optical efficiency. The utility model further provides a near-to-eye display device.

The present application relates to the technical field of vehicle lamps. Disclosed are a low-beam widening focal line lens, a related lens module and a lighting module. The low-beam widening focal line lens comprises a first curved surface, a first total reflection surface and a second total reflection surface that are integrally formed. A beam of parallel light is incident on the first curved surface, converged by the first curved surface, then reflected by the first total reflection surface and the second total reflection surface, and converged to a focal line. By means of the integrally formed focal line lens structure, vertical focusing is achieved, such that horizontal and vertical focusing are separated, and the vertical focal length is greater than the horizontal focal length, thereby helping to achieve a low-beam widened light pattern that is wide in the horizontal direction and narrow in the vertical direction; the integrally formed focal line lens is a single-layer lens, which effectively reduces Fresnel loss; total reflection can be used to fold an optical path and shorten the size, which reduces the volume and weight of the lens while improving the optical efficiency, thereby facilitating energy saving and cost saving; with less refraction, the projected light pattern exhibits low chromatic dispersion and good color uniformity; and the lens has good consistency in static appearance, thereby helping to meet different styling requirements.

The application provides a low-beam lens module and a low-beam lighting module. The low-beam lens module comprises a first optical unit, the first optical unit is an integrally formed structure, the first optical unit comprises a first curved surface, a first total reflection surface, a second total reflection surface and a first light entrance surface; the first curved surface is located on one side of the first total reflection surface along a first direction, the second total reflection surface is oppositely arranged with the first total reflection surface along a second direction, the first light entrance surface is located on one side of the second total reflection surface close to the first curved surface along the first direction, and the first direction is perpendicular to the second direction; wherein a parallel light is incident by the first curved surface, is converged after the first curved surface, is reflected by the first total reflection surface, and is gathered at a first focal point, and the first focal point is located on the second total reflection surface. The light emitted by the light source does not pass through different media, thereby, Fresnel loss can be effectively reduced, and the optical efficiency of the low-beam lighting module can be improved.

The utility model provides a beauty instrument, and belongs to the technical field of beauty instruments. The beauty instrument comprises a light-emitting assembly, a light guide assembly and a light reflecting assembly. The light-emitting component comprises a halogen lamp tube; the light guide assembly comprises a light-transmitting crystal and a light filter, and light emitted by the light emitting assembly can sequentially penetrate through the light filter and the light-transmitting crystal. The light reflecting assembly is arranged outside the light emitting assembly and can reflect light rays emitted by the light emitting assembly, so that the light rays penetrate through the light guide assembly; the light reflecting assembly comprises a first light reflecting cover and a second light reflecting cover, a light outlet is formed in the first light reflecting cover, and the second light reflecting cover is arranged between the light outlet and the light guiding assembly. The beauty instrument can effectively isolate the light emitted by the light-emitting assembly, and most of the light is reflected to the light-transmitting crystal under the guidance of the light-reflecting assembly, so that the contact between other structures and the light is reduced, the optical efficiency can reach 95%, the energy density of the light output by the light-transmitting crystal is improved, and the skin problem of a user is efficiently solved.

Embodiments of the present application disclose a light guide module, a display module, a display and an electronic device, which are used for reducing the volume of the light guide module and the display module and improving optical efficiency. Embodiments of the present application also provide a light guide module, comprising a light guide plate and a reflection unit; the reflection unit is connected to the light guide plate, and the reflection unit has at least two inclined reflection surfaces; a first light beam in at least one light beam enters the light guide plate, and the first light beam is incident on the reflection unit through the light guide plate; and the reflection unit is used for reflecting the first light beam incident on the reflection unit to obtain a reflected first light beam.

Provided in the present application are an optical waveguide and a near-eye display device. The optical waveguide comprises a waveguide substrate, an in-coupling region, an out-coupling region and a path extension layer, wherein the waveguide substrate comprises a first surface and a second surface that are opposite to each other; the in-coupling region is formed on the first surface of the waveguide substrate and is used for coupling incident rays into the waveguide substrate; the out-coupling region is formed on the first surface or the second surface of the waveguide substrate, and couples out rays that propagate in the waveguide substrate; and the path extension layer is arranged on the second surface of the waveguide substrate, the refractive index of the path extension layer is greater than the refractive index of air and is less than the refractive index of the waveguide substrate, the path extension layer is configured to reflect rays that are incident into the path extension layer from the waveguide substrate, and incident points of the reflected rays on the first surface are located outside the in-coupling region. By means of the present application, rays that are coupled into an optical waveguide can be prevented from being incident into an in-coupling region again, such that the optical efficiency of the optical waveguide is improved, and the manufacturing costs and weight of the optical waveguide are reduced.

The present invention provides an optical device and a method of fabricating the same. A first dielectric layer is formed on a substrate structure and then patterned and partially removed, forming openings therein, which define at least one first dielectric sub-layer in the first dielectric layer. The first dielectric sub-layer is rounded into a microlens. In this way, the microlens can be fabricated in a chip fabrication plant, without needing to deliver an associated chip to a dedicated microlens fabrication plant, thereby improving production efficiency and shortening the manufacturing cycle. The microlens can be fabricated in the optical device using a semiconductor process and thus exhibits increased density and uniformity, resulting in higher optical efficiency.

Provided is a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) device including a photonics chip including an optical emitter configured to emit modulated light toward an object, an optical receiver on the photonics chip and configured to receive light reflected from the object through the photonics chip, and a light mixing layer between the photonics chip and the optical receiver, the light mixing layer being configured to mix light incident through the photonics chip with local oscillator light.

The application discloses a kind of micro-pixel group and micro-lens array near-eye display lens, belong to augmented reality and near-eye display technical field.The near-eye display lens includes: optical lens, micro-pixel group array arranged thereon, micro-lens array, and substrate thin layer material, transparent optical adhesive layer, protective layer;Micro-pixel group contains micro-nano pixel, micro-nano pixel is composed of micro-nano pixel element, and micro-nano pixel element is micron / nanometer order independent driving monochromatic light emitting unit, integrates micro-nano light emitting, driving and other devices and functional layer;Micro-lens covers one or more micro-pixel groups and is arranged close to one side of human eye, realizes light collimation focusing and deflection into eye.The application discards traditional complex relay optical system, directly integrates display and optical control unit in optical lens, can realize digital image display, real scene direct vision and accurate fusion of virtual and real image, with high transparency, high optical efficiency, large field angle characteristics, lens can realize light and thin design, and wearing comfort is high.

The invention discloses a beam splitting phase shift optical path system which comprises at least one waveguide structure. The waveguide structure includes a coupling-in section, a coupling-out section, and at least one group of beam-splitting phase-shifting sections located between the coupling-in section and the coupling-out section. The beam-splitting phase-shifting branch part comprises at least two stages of beam-splitting phase-shifting modules which are arranged along a first direction, and each stage of beam-splitting phase-shifting module comprises at least one beam-splitting unit and at least one reflecting unit; the at least two stages of beam splitting and phase shifting modules comprise a first-stage beam splitting and phase shifting module and an ith-stage beam splitting and phase shifting module, the first-stage beam splitting and phase shifting module is located on a propagation path of an incident beam, and the ith-stage beam splitting and phase shifting module is located on an emergent light path of the (i-1) th-stage beam splitting and phase shifting module. Wherein i > = 2 and i is an integer. Light beams are expanded through the multi-stage beam splitting and phase shifting module, the light beam expansion scheme is simple and efficient, the problem that in the prior art, in optical waveguide light beam expansion, the cost of an optical machine is high is solved, and small size and high optical efficiency are achieved.

The embodiment of the invention provides a monolithic LCOS projection system, and relates to the technical field of liquid crystal projection. The system comprises at least two light source assemblies, at least two narrow-band polaroids, an optical lens group, an LCOS chip, a polarization splitting prism and a projection lens. The polarization transmittance of the narrow-band polaroid arranged on the light emitting side of each light source assembly to light beams emitted by the light source assembly is higher than a preset transmittance threshold value; the optical lens group is used for integrating the S-polarization-state light beams emitted by the narrow-band polaroids and enabling the integrated S-polarization-state light beams to enter the polarization splitting prism; the polarization splitting prism reflects the integrated light beam in the S polarization state to the LCOS chip for modulation, the LCOS chip returns the modulated light beam in the P polarization state to the polarization splitting prism, and the polarization splitting prism transmits the modulated light beam in the P polarization state to the projection lens for imaging. According to the invention, the optical efficiency of the monolithic LCOS projection system can be improved.

A high-quality beam-shaping metasurface device for high-power laser processing belongs to the fields of optics and electromagnetic wave absorption. This invention includes a substrate and an asymmetric Fabry-Perot cavity; artificial micro / nano units include H-shaped, I-shaped, double-rod, double-elliptical, or V-shaped structures. The asymmetric Fabry-Perot cavity is a three-layer composite structure of "metasurface structure layer - dielectric spacer layer - metal," achieving the device's preset low light absorption function through resonant modulation; the metasurface structure layer consists of multiple subwavelength artificial micro / nano units arranged periodically or aperiodically for controlling the transmitted wavefront. This invention achieves customized beam shaping based on topology-optimized artificial micro / nano structure units, and enhances the low absorption capability of the metasurface device based on asymmetric Fabry-Perot cavity structure optimization. This invention maintains high optical efficiency and robustness under high power density conditions, achieving high-precision control of beam energy distribution, phase, and wavefront, enabling customized laser processing.

The present application relates to a signal lamp, and discloses a light guide plate. The light guide plate comprises a light guide plate body, wherein front and rear sides of the light guide plate body in a thickness direction are a first side and a second side respectively; one of the first side and the second side is provided with a light incident portion, and the other of the first side and the second side is partially recessed inward to form a recessed portion; the recessed portion is arranged corresponding to the light incident portion, and a wall surface of the recessed portion is configured to be a reflecting surface; one of the first side and the second side is formed as a light emitting surface, and the other of the first side and the second side is provided with a light guide tooth pattern; light incident into the light incident portion is adapted to be reflected by the reflecting surface to a side of the light guide plate body, and then reflected by the light guide tooth pattern on the side and emitted out of the light emitting surface. In addition, the present application further provides a signal lamp and a vehicle. The light guide plate can realize uniform light distribution and improve optical efficiency, and has a low cost.

The application relates to the technical field of electronic equipment, and discloses a Fresnel lens, an optical system and a wearable device. The Fresnel lens comprises a lens body, the lens body comprises an incident surface and an exit surface, the exit surface is provided with a polarized free curved surface structure and a Fresnel tooth-shaped structure; the polarized free curved surface structure is arranged at the center position of the exit surface, the polarized free curved surface structure is a non-rotationally symmetrical structure, and is used for changing the refraction direction of light passing through the polarized free curved surface structure; and the Fresnel tooth-shaped structure is arranged around the polarized free curved surface structure. The Fresnel lens disclosed by the application can improve optical efficiency and optical sampling accuracy, thereby improving the user experience of consumers.

This invention relates to a highly uniform optical waveguide structure, comprising a waveguide substrate, an imprinted adhesive layer disposed on the waveguide substrate, an integrally formed imprinted grating structure disposed on the imprinted adhesive layer, and a high-refractive-index dielectric layer disposed on the imprinted grating structure. The waveguide substrate is sequentially divided into a coupling-in region, a transition region, and a coupling-out region along the beam propagation path. The grating teeth of the imprinted grating structure located in the transition region and / or the coupling-out region are inserted into the high-refractive-index dielectric layer, and the refractive index of the high-refractive-index dielectric layer exceeds the refractive index of the imprinted grating structure. This invention solves the problem of low diffraction efficiency caused by the excessively low refractive index of the imprinted adhesive in optical waveguide structures fabricated by nanoimprinting, and has the advantages of improving the optical efficiency and uniformity of the optical waveguide structure.

The present invention relates to the technical field of solar thermal power generation. Disclosed is a solar collector, comprising a concentrator assembly and an absorber tube. The concentrator assembly comprises a first concentrator, a second concentrator, and a third concentrator, the first concentrator comprises a support member and a first reflection assembly rotatably arranged on the support member, the first reflection assembly rotates around the rotation center of the first concentrator, the second concentrator and the third concentrator each are connected to the first reflection assembly, and the concentration center of the third concentrator coincides with the rotation center of the first reflection assembly; the absorber tube is arranged at the position of the rotation center of the first reflecting assembly. In the solar collector provided in the present application, by means of multi-reflection concentration, high concentration is achieved, thereby improving the optical efficiency and the thermal collection efficiency of the solar collector. In addition, by placing the absorber tube at the position of the rotation center of the first concentrator, the effect of not rotating the absorber tube can be achieved, thereby avoiding the problem of liquid leakage of rotary joints of absorber tubes.

An electronic device may have a display with an array of inorganic light-emitting diodes. The array of inorganic light-emitting diodes may be overlapped by a polarizer layer such as a circular polarizer. Alternatively, the display may be a polarizer-free display without any polarizer layer over the array of inorganic light-emitting diodes. Each inorganic light-emitting diode may be surrounded by a diffuser that redirects edge-emissions towards a viewer. A top diffuser, a color filter layer, a microlens, and / or a microlens with color filtering and / or diffusive properties may also optionally overlap each inorganic light-emitting diode. The inorganic light-emitting diodes may have reflective sidewalls to mitigate edge-emissions. In this type of arrangement, the array of inorganic light-emitting diodes may be coplanar with one or more opaque masking layers. To mitigate reflections, the display may include two opaque masking layers having differing properties or a single phase separated opaque masking layer.